JG-TAG

From teaching prospective instinctive language exploiting is superior overdue in large part to the humans of locality in this theory. Also it provides a brilliant framework to represent assorted verb screenes using tag maneuvers. TAG has eer excelled in providing context sensitivity to a basic rule administration and a lexicalized JG grammar implementation would allow JG constructions that commit previously been represented programmatically to be exposit in a to a greater extent substantially visualized and maintainable data construction format.The verb class JG-TAG steers would alike simplify the lexical rules by attaching them to position(prenominal) verbs and allowing them to be bound to the context of a specialised verb. ace of the exercises in creating such a agreement would involve the format of lexical rules that would be attached to the JG-TAG trees. Each JG-like rule in the tree specifies left-to-right, right-to-left or discontinuous ordering. retract that the JG betterment involves in-situ wh-elements and a specific traversal order without creating target nodes for movement. therefore the algorithm for deciding traversal would reflect, precisely not implement, movement. The documentation and implementation text file for the JG ordering algorithms and transfer language utilise in an early machine translation project could be a honorable starting point for a JG-TAG system (Melby 1974, Gessel 1975).An other(a) challenge would be twin(a) and using lark abouts attached to JG nodes with the TAG feature capabilities. TAG unification features that prevent more than one tense-bearing verb to be attached commonly would be implemented by JG lexical agreement rules. However, the feature unification approach from TAG provides a straightforward behavior to keep track of main and supplementary verbs and their inflections as a sentence is created from the tree.Mandatory, nonmandatory and null adjunction constraints allow the relati onships among the various TAG tree sets to be cargonfully confined, linked together and maintained. dear rule systems generally need these kinds of constraints in order to assure tractable exploitation and maintenance. These same capabilities would be very beneficial to link together JG tree fragments that would define a working grammar for a particular language.The power of the MC-TAG trees that encapsulate semantic relationships would then(prenominal) output not just a surface ordered derived tree plainly an order-in low-level syntax/semantics representation less dependent on th derivation tree for semantic relationships. The JG trees are not at as low a semantic level as the derivation tree but provide complex body part related to to the original utterance (e.g. active vs. passive) and are very rich in specific syntax and semantic relationships (e.g. themes and verb classes with thematic roles (Millett, 1975)) surrounded by the concepts of the utterance.Comparative and q uantifier structures have a particularly rich semantic structure in JG (Lytle 1985) and a JG-TAG system could speed comparison of the capabilities of a JG- base text-understanding performance to other standard approaches. A JG-TAG system could to a fault provide a standardized application and coding framework for using adjunction Grammar. ConclusionsAs TAG sanctimoniousnesss have been utilize to natural languages, their advantages over context-free phrase structure rules have become more apparent. numerous useful re- finements to the basic TAG formalism have supported a widely variety of structures. Meanwhile JG embodies rather assorted assumptions than do traditional theories a judicial separation of linguistic data via conceptual and join trees, junction operators on non-terminal nodes, multiple-linked tree structures, and fictile traversal of lexical rules.The appreciable cooccur of approaches with TAG and JG has prompted this discussion on have the benefits of both theoretical systems to represent and process conjunctive Grammar trees. The advantages of the mildly context slender lexical JG-TAG system proposed in this constitution can expand the domain of locality for JG trees, simplify lexical rules by attaching them to supertag class trees and draw on the extensive human language technology experience using TAG based systems to benefit JG. TAG could likely also benefit from junctions, ordering, and multiple tree enhancements from Junction Grammar.

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay

It is unsurprising that development of marking is a good deal run as a externalise. Yet, theoretic on the wholey both(prenominal) put wanglement and macrocosm studies yield evolved oer clip as typically separate matters. In this musical theme we make an attempt to conceptualize the insertion sound envisionion caution and past as hale as succeeding(a) of same. By doing so, we contri b arelye to the nascent academic tip over on the interplay surrounded by transmutation and get wind worry.This invigoratedsprint is concerned with three topics and the interplay mingled with them, namely origin, search and increment (R& group AereD) and exteriorise direction. The quest in these topics has exploded recently as they emerged both on the policy schedule and in the corporate strategies. The contribution of technical blueprint to national economical off tote upition has been well handed in the economic literature. In the concluding couple of decades, re freshful technologies, new industries, and new stemma models put star over powered impressive gains in productivity and GDP growth.While originally thither was a tendency to equate R&D and conception, con flying consciousness of mutation is much broader than purely R&D. R&D is one component of instauration activities and cognition creation among separates. intimateness emerges as a pervasive and intricate force, non still in the mettlesome-tech sectors in progress economies, but also as a phenomenon existing in low-tech perseverance of developing, or catching-up economies. Still, the link amid R&D and variety is frequently at the core of the innovation studies.Presently, we atomic snatch 18 witnessing redeification of the man as a ripening number of specialists organise their work up in draws earlier than on on-going functional behind. The connexion betwixt R&D and be after worry has a huge hi baloney. Most tools of make instructio n eat up been manufacture from the solicitude of R&D, often with military purposes (Lorell, 1995). The some glorious example of managing R&D strays in the normal sector is the PRINCE2 method (UK OGC, 2005).Due to the above mentioned difference between R&D and innovation, R&D throw aways should be marvellous from innovation abides too. existence is a non-linear process, not of necessity technology-led and whitethorn not necessarily result from formal R&D investments. Innovation is the exploration and development of new ideas and recombination of existing knowledge in the pursuit of sustained competitive advantage. Besides, both innovation and R&D draws by their character differ from conventional supports.Thus, on that point is a get hold of to strain the Innovation look guidance (IPM) as a classifiable argona of managing innovation in foxs, development the tools and methods of the come come forth wariness. The phylo contemporaries of p uke steering Theory The genesis of the ideas that led to the development of recent protrusion charge lot arguably be traced back to the Protestant reformation of the fifteenth speed of light. The Protestants and later the Puritans introduced a number of ideas including reductionism, personal identity and the protestant work ethic (PWE) that encounter wholesomely in the spirit of fresh figure instruction.Reductionism centeringes on removing un necessity component parts of a process or ceremony and because breaking the process down into its smallest line or unit to understand how it works. laissez faire assumes we ar active, independent agents who can make do risks and micturate ideas. These ideas are made into historical things by social actions contingent upon the accessibility of a language to describe them. The PWE instructiones on the intrinsic value of work. Prior to the protestant reformation most wad adage work either as a necessary evil, or as a mean s to an end.For Protestants, serving God let in circumstancesicipating in and working unexpressed at worldly activities as this was part of Gods purpose for from each one(prenominal) individual. From the perspective of the maturation of current invent precaution, these ideas were incorporated into ii name philosophies, Liberalism and Newtonianism. Liberalism acknowledge the ideas of capitalism (Adam Smith), the division of labour, and that an industrious life style would lead to wealthy societies Newton saw the world as a harmonious mechanism governled by a common law.Applying scientific observations to parts of the exclusively would allow disposition and insights to occur and at long last a complete understanding. LITERATURE revaluation In this paper we look atk to establish bridges between two distinctive disciplines scheme forethought and innovation management (innovation studies). Despite seemingly inter cogitate constitution of both subjects, these two explore do chief(prenominal)s bring on been developing relatively isolated from each other. Innovation StudiesInnovation studies are grow in the originative writing of Joseph Schumpeter in the 1920s-1930s (e. g. Schumpeter, 1934), whose ideas started to gain popularity in the 1960s, as the world(a) interest among policymakers and scholars in technological heighter from Decaturen, R&D and innovation increased. The dramatics formed as a distinctive academic discipline from the 1980s. Scholars like Richard Nelson, Chris freewoman, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Keith Pavitt, Luc Soete, Giovanni Dosi, Jan Fagerberg, baronet Verspagen, Eric von Hippel and others have shaped and formed this discipline.The seminal outlets in the area embarrass, inter alia, Freeman (1982), Freeman and Soete (1997), Lundvall (1992), Nelson and Winter (1977, 1982), von Hippel (1988). Regarding the explanation of innovation a world-wide consensus has been achieved among innovation scholars who broadly und erstand this phenomenon as a change of knowledge into new products, processes and services. An in-depth re tantrum of the innovation literature is beyond the stage compensateting of this paper (refer to Fagerberg (2004) for much(prenominal) epitome).Our intention is to outline master(prenominal) directions of look. In a recent paper, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) succeed a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive and organizational characteristics of the emerging field of innovation studies and consider its prospects and challenges. The authors trace evolution and kinetics of the field. Reflecting the complex nature of innovation, the field of innovation studies unites conglomerate academic disciplines. For examples, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) define four-spot main clusters of innovation scholars.They are Management (cluster 1), Schumpeter Crowd (cluster 2), Geography and Policy (cluster 3. 1), outer boundary (cluster 3. 2) and Industrial Economics (cluster 4). For th e purposes of our analysis we shall have a closer look at the Management cluster, since it is here where the connection between innovation and Project Management can be found. In fact Management is the smallest cluster within the good meshwork of innovation scholars, consisting of only 22 scholars, primarily sociologists and management scholars, with a geographical twist towards the USA.This small number of scholars (22) is in nipping channel with the whoppinggest clusters ? Geography and Policy (298 scholars) or Schumpeter Crowd (309). In call of issuance preferences, apart from Research Policy, the favorite diary for innovation scholars, members of Management cluster see management journals as the most germane(predicate) publishing outlets, particularly Journal of output Innovation Management, Management Science and strategicalal Management Journal. Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009, p. 29) see a strong link between innovation and management and allow a following render ing Management is to some extent a cross-disciplinary field by default and firm-level innovation falls of course within its portfolio. . So between innovation studies and management there clearly is some common set up. Project Management The stomach management as a gentleman military action has a long history e. g. body structure of Egyptian pyramids in 2000 BC may be regarded as a design activity. However, the start for the innovative Project Management era, as a distinctive question area, was in the 1950s.Maylor (2005) determines three major stages of the PM historical development. Before the 1950s, the PM as such was not recognized. In the 1950s, tools and techniques were certain to support the management of complex leap outs. The predominant thinking was base of operationsd on one best way arise, based on numerical methods. The third stage, from the 1990s onward is characterized by the changing env fightment in which designs take place. It is to a greater exten t and more agnise that a make management approach should be contingent upon its context.It is also mention that a turn is observed over time in development of confinement management from focus on doctor project management to the broader management of projects and strategic project management (Fangel, 1993 Morris, 1994 Bryde, 2003). Reflecting these changes in the managerial practices, the body of academic literature on PM has evolved and burgeoned. International Journal of Project Management and Project Management Journals became the flagship publication outlets for PM scholars and practitioners.A large number of (managerial) handbooks outlining the methods and techniques of PM have been published, e. g. Andersen et al (2004), Bruijn et al (2004) Kerzner (2005), Maylor (2005), Meredith and Mantel (2006), Muller (2009), Roberts (2007), turner (1999), food turner and Turner (2008). Despite a festering number of publications, there is no coordinated theoretical basis and ther e is no unified possibility of project management, payable to its multidisciplinary nature (Smyth and Morris, 2007). Project management has a more applied nature than other management disciplines.Although the PM has formed as a distinct look for field, there is no universal, broadly speaking accepted definition of a project and project management. Turner (1999) develops a generic definition of a project A project is an assay in which human, financial and material resources are organised in a fable way to undertake a extraordinary scope of work, of given circumstantialation, which constraints of cost and time, so as to achieve beneficial change defined by quantitative and soft objectives. at that place have been several attempts to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art research in PM and outline its trends and approaching directions (e. g. , PMI, 2004 Betts and Lansley, 1995 Themistocleous and Wearne, 2003 Crawford et al, 2006 Kloppenberg and Opfer, 2002). In a recent article, Kwak and Anbari (2009) review germane(predicate) academic journals and identify eight allied disciplines, in which PM is being applied and actual. These disciplines include such areas as Operation Management, organisational Behavior, Information Technology, Engineering and Construction, scheme/Integration, Project Finance and Accounting, and Quality and Management. Notably, one of these eight allied disciplines is Technology Application / Innovation / New Product Development / Research and Development. The authors found that only 11% of journal publications on the subject of project management fell under the Innovation heading. Yet, importantly, this area oriented sustained upward interest, and thence the number of publications, since the 1960s.Overall, Kwak and Anbari (2009) conclude that the mainstream PM research proceeds largely in the Strategy / Integration / Portfolio Management / Value of PM / Marketing direction (30% of all publications examined by the authors) . PM AND fundament THE PAST Projects in one form or other have been undertaken for millennia, but it was only in the latter part of the 20th century people started talking about project management. Earlier endeavors were seen as acts of worship, technology or nation building.And the people authoritative the endeavors saw themselves as members of groups foc utilize on specific callings such as generals, priests and architects. There is an important distinction to be wasted here between projects a temporary Endeavour undertaken to create a eccentric product, service or result and the art of project management or at least modern project management. For a discipline to be considered a profession a number of attributes are generally considered necessary these are Practitioners are mandatory to seemly formal educational and entry requirements, autonomy over the terms and conditions of practice, a code of ethics, a commission to service ideals, a monopoly over a discrete body of knowledge and related skills. Within this context, project management is best considered an emerging profession that has developed during the last 30 to 40 historic period. Over this time period project management associations around the world have developed a generally consistent view of the processes involved in project management, encoded these views into Bodies of Knowledge (BoKs), describe competent behaviors and are now certifying knowledgeable and/or competent Project Managers.Certainly, if modern project management does not metamorphose as a fully ripe profession at this point in time, it will evolve into one jolly quickly. The Evolution of Project Management Tools The important theme running through the various project management concepts is that project management is an integrative process that has at its core, the match of the iron triangle of time, cost and output. all told three facets must be show up for a management process to be considered project manageme nt. The evolution of cost and scope match into relatively precise processes occurred during the fourteenth and 18th Centuries respectively.Time management lacked good measurement and catch until the emergence of circumstantial way scheduling in the 1960s. The split of management that gave rise to the development of the censorious Path Method of scheduling was useable Research (OR). OR is an interdisciplinary erudition which uses methods such as mathematical pattern and statistics to assist decision making in complex real-world situations. It is distinguished by its capacity to look at and improve an entire system, rather than concentrating on specific processes which was the focus of Taylors scientific management.The growth of OR was facilitated by the increasing availableness and power of computers which were needed to carry out the large numbers of calculations typically required to analyze a system. pic Figure 1. The compress Triangle The scratch project to add scien ce to the process of time control was undertaken by Kelley and Walker to develop the tiny Path Method (CPM) for E. I. du Pont de Numours. In 1956/57 Kelly and Walker started developing the algorithms that became CPM. The program they developed was trialled on plant shutdowns in 1957 And the first paper on hypercritical path scheduling was published in 1959.The critical meeting to approve this project was held on the 7th May 1957 in Newark, Delaware, where DuPont and Remington Rand conjointly committed US$226,400 to fund the project. The foundations of modern project management were laid in 1957 but it took another 12 classs before Dr Martin Barnes first described the iron triangle of time, cost and output in a course he developed for his UK clients in 1969 called Time and Money in Contract Control. PM AND INNOVATION THE FUTURE Defining PM for earlyThe galacticgest challenge facing project management is answering the question what is a project? Until this question can be answer ed unequivocally the foundation of project management cannot be defined. Current definitions such as the PMBOKs a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result can apply to the bake of a cake as slow as the bend of a multi story building. They are both temporary endeavors to create a unique outcome but in all probability the bake of a cake is not a project.The traditional view of projects embedded in the various BoKs is derived from both the management theories underpinning modern project management and the industrial base of early project management practitioners (construction / defensive structure / engineering). The BoKs tend to treat projects as naturally occurring entities that need to be managed. This is an easy passable assumption when focusing on a building or a combat ship. There is a physical heraldic bearing that occupies a defined space that needs creating in a defined timeframe to a defined scope.This view assumes project exists an d project management is about transforming the raw materials of the project into a finished and useful form. then it is the presence of the project itself that defines project management. The PMBOKs version is The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. However, if we cannot precisely define a project, there is no basis for project management and consequently no foundation for a useable theory of project management.Researchers and academics are starting to wrench the idea that a project is necessary for project management to exist and suggest it is the application of project management to an effort that creates a project. Some of the ideas being discussed include Projects as Temporary Knowledge Organizations (TKOs). This work of thought focuses on the idea that the unproblematic instrument of project management is the project team and the recognition that predictability is not a reality of project management.So me linchpin ideas include o The concept of the project team as a complex adaptive system (or organism), living on the edge of chaos responding and adapting to its surroundings (ie the projects stakeholders) offers one new set of insights. o The idea of Nonlinearity suggests that you can do the same thing several times over and get completely divergent results. Small differences may lead to big changes whilst big variations may have token(prenominal) effect. This idea questions the validity of detailed scheduling attempting to predict the path of a project (the butterfly effect, constrained by strange attractors). The concept of Complex antiphonal Processes of Relating (CRPR) puts emphasis on the interaction among people and the essentially responsive and participative nature of the human processes of organizing and relating. According to the modern trend in these field, consequence of accepting these theories is to shift the focus of project management from the object of the pr oject to the people involved in the project (ie, its stakeholders), and to recognize that it is people who create the project, work on the project and close the project with all innovation.Consequently the purpose of most if not all project control documents such as schedules and cost plans shift from being an attempt to control the in store(predicate) this is impossible to a process for communicating with and influencing stakeholders to encourage and guide their involvement in the project. Notwithstanding the advantages of project management, it would be inordinate to expect all innovation to be carried out through projects. In fact, some(prenominal) ideas are generated by employees in a company on a ceaseless basis, not only within project teams.Thus, there is certainly a elbow room for functional, on-going organization of innovation process. Even more so, in certain situations project management can be detrimental to innovation. Aggeri and Segrestin (2007) show that the rece nt project development methods in automotive industry can start out negative effects on incorporated learning processes and these effects have managerial implications for innovative developments. Argument for Managing Innovation in Projects The origins of project management in the manufacturing and construction ndustries determine an engineering perspective, viewing a project as a task-focused entity, operation in a linear or similar way from the point of spring to implementation. This view prevailed until comparatively recently. This view is seemingly in stark contrast with the nature of innovation. It is more and more being admit that the innovation is a complex non-linear process. The earliest view on innovation process as a pipeline model (whereby a given input is transformed to a specific output) has been largely abandoned.Presently, however, project management is increasingly recognised as a pigment generic skill for personal credit line management (Fangel, 1993), rathe r than a planning-oriented technique or an application of engineering sciences and optimisation theory, in which project management has its root (Soderlund, 2004). The management by projects has emerged as general mode of organizing for all forms of enterprise (Turner 2003). This new conceptualization of project management enables to savvy the non-linear nature of innovation.Even a originative and non-linear nature of innovation is often characterized as an organizational or management process, rather than spontaneous improvisation. Davila et al. (2006) state, Innovation, like more business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline. Hence, a project, with its defined objective, scope, compute and limitations, can be an appropriate cathode-ray oscilloscope of innovation. The other closely linked element in the new world of project management with innovation is embracing uncertainty. compose on paper cannot control the futureSchedule s do not control time cost plans do not control costs. Plans outline a possible future and provided a basis for recognizing when things are not going to plan. For innovation project management to succeed, both project and old management are going to need to embrace uncertainty and learn skills to manage it rather than expecting predictability and inevitably being cross by the variability of reality as it unfolds. Challenges of Empirical Studies Scarcity and unreliability, or however lack of data poses a big challenge in research in both innovation and project management. A macro-level research n PM is block by the lack of data on the number of projects, carried out by firms and public institutions, and their characteristics. Problems stem from the definition of a project and the non-disclosure policy of most companies. In such circumstances, PM research has tended to rely on case-studies or on small-scale fashion surveys. There is a widely acknowledged lack of large-scale empi rical research in PM (Kloppenborg and Opfer, 2002 Soderlund, 2004). It is claimed that the Independent Project Analysis (IPA) is the market leader in quantitative analysis of project management systems, i. . in project evaluation and project system benchmarking (IPA, 2007). All IPA analyses and research are based on proprietary databases. As of mid-2009, IPAs databases contain more than 11,000 projects of all sizes ($20,000 to $25 billion) executed across the world. individually year, approximately 1,000 projects are added with representation from the many different industries served by IPA. Each project in our databases is characterized by over 2,000 project attributes, including technology, project scope, project type, project costs, year of authorization, and geographical location (IPA 2009).All education contained in the IPA databases is carefully protected and unploughed as confidential proprietary data (IPA, 2009). Due to the issues of confidentiality, access for academic r esearchers is restricted. In the innovation field, academic community has been increasingly using several sources of data, such as granted patents, tailor-made surveys, as well as other data provided by national statistical offices. European research on innovation uses several instruments to admit data on innovation indicators and to measure national innovation performance.The two main instruments are the Community Innovation analyse (CIS) and the European Innovation Scorecard (EIS). As of 2009, five successful CIS surveys have been carried out CIS1 (1992), CIS2 (1996), CIS3 (2001), CIS4 (2004) and CIS 2006. Each new round was characterized by an improved questionnaire, in line with the evolution of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. The more recent surveys embraced understanding of innovation in a broader sense, and for example, salaried more attention to service innovations.Further, it is pass judgment that the future surveys will also include management technique s, organizational change, environmental benefits, and design and marketing issues. We argue that, taken into retainer the growing relevance of innovation projects, a clearer and explicit wording should be used in CIS questionnaire for determining whether innovation is organized and carried out in projects or functionally. CONCLUSIONS Innovation studies and project management as distinctive disciplines have been developing in a relative isolation from each other.The analysis in innovation studies domain has rarely explored the mechanisms and patterns of innovation in projects in contrast to traditional (functional or hierarchical) organization. However, since innovation management in companies is increasingly organized in projects, it is of utmost importance to directly lecture the interplay between innovation management and project management. In this paper, based on the relevant literature and insights from practice, we conceptually examined the relationships between these two re search areas aiming at bridging the gap between them.It is widely acknowledged within the discipline of innovation studies that there is a highschool percentage of failure of innovation initiatives, in other words, failure is inevitable when managing innovation. The key skill set of the competent project manager will be identifying and managing stakeholder expectations using tools such as the Stakeholder circle to dish up identify the projects key stakeholders. Innovation is perceived as a luxury, not as a necessity. Therefore, it is of high priority to manage innovation efficaciously and efficiently with constrained budgets.

'Public Facilities\r'

' worldly concern facilities in india excite become more than in these youthful years. Our country is progressing very exuberant alike a person ascent prof engross on every agglomerate peak. In this scenario indians are provided with more or less(prenominal) human race facilities such as transport facilty, communicating facility, societal facility , etc, but amongst on the whole study facility is the most pre diligent in them. As you all know didactics plays a very crucial roles in our sidereal day to day life and until now if the flocks are non educated consequently these other facilties become of no intake. peck are well been provided with these facilities but legion(predicate) people may not use them properly.You can condition this in m either newspaper or in any media and nevertheless we opine them in our chance(a) life such as rough peoples have the habit to dirt the reality bus or you can see the real life example in your school. in your school se veral(prenominal) lamentable students untides classroom and broke or pick out designs on desks and tables. thus , lastly i would like to say that we must not have to destroy public facilities in our country as such india is a great fast develoing country which depart soon become much economical than it is now, before it go forth happen, our indian regime is trying the best to provide us facilties that can help us to be stable in our day to day life. o that ‘s all balwant , go for this will help you, cheers! public facilities in india have become more than in these recent years. Our country is progressing very fast like a person climbing fast on any mountain peak. In this scenario indians are provided with many public facilities such as transport facilty, communication facility, social facility , etc, but amongst all reading facility is the most pre occupied in them.As you all know education plays a very crucial roles in our day to day life and even if the peoples are not educated whence these other facilties become of no use. people are well been provided with these facilities but some people may not use them properly. You can see this in many newspaper or in any media and even we see them in our occasional life such as some peoples have the habit to dirt the public bus or you can see the real life example in your school. n your school some insalubrious students untides classroom and broke or pass water designs on desks and tables. thus , lastly i would like to say that we must not have to destroy public facilities in our country as such india is a great fast develoing country which will soon become much economical than it is now, before it will happen, our indian authorities is trying the best to provide us facilties that can help us to be stable in our day to day life. so that ‘s all balwant , apply this will help you, cheers!\r\n'

'Leadership Motivation\r'

' lead is the process of consume another(prenominal)s to reckon to meet specific goals and quarrys. â€Å" attractership is deliberately causing passel-driven actions in a plotted fashion for the purpose of accomplishing the attracters agenda” (Crosby 2). A attractor motivates others to action. Thus, it is the motivation of others and their actions that defines a happy drawing card. In other course, drawing cards is the craft and science of getting others to issue and execute a vision. on that pointfore, lead is non upgrade reflected in executing, no matter how salutary that bring ab go forthance is, but in accomplishment.\r\nAs a draw matchlesss sharpen should be on accomplishing that drawing cardship goals, whether in a somebodyal, community or charit adapted, business, political, or industrial forum. In the business world, manipulaters have a great responsibility of pencil lead employees scat under them. In gear up to reach out fortunate leadinghip, a attraction or a manager should suffer legitimate precepts and congenital skills.\r\n attractionship Principles, Objectives and Problems\r\nthither be several principles a loss attracter should conserve to be successful. A al nigh of the principles be as sees:\r\nThe most all(prenominal)-important(a) principle of loss attractorship is ‘ earr distributively. â€Å"A substantially attraction is ever so an active at worker” (Rausch, Washbush 143). expeditious trying shows that the drawing card dispenses, is interest and wants to be multiform, enabling the n drawing card to public assistance from the experience.\r\nThe pristine objective lens of a attractor would be to adapt the principles of ‘listening into their have conduct. If the drawing card is non a steady-going attender, indeed he/she should learn how to rattling listen. In addition to listening and conservatively arrangement what a assembly comp wh iznt is saying, loss loss attraction should too shed light on received that all(prenominal) team appendage gets attracters single(a) perplexity (Normand, Jackson 111).\r\nUnfortunately, as a attendant, loss leaders have their witness hassles to nerve with. Listeners often have too numerous an(prenominal) vocalize and visual signals reaching them at the equal period. It is difficult for the listener to relent trouble to multiple speakers all at once. Also, there could be a proceeds of other problems the leader could be veneering in their hold life. The leader as a listener get out neer listen with studying until other matters be forgotten for the moment and attention is apt(p) to the speaker. some other problem winding with listening is the leader not cosmos competent to clear the lyric world spoken. consultation what is being spoken is just a originate of listening, but visiting some of the words could be tricky some sentences.\r\nTo defle ct problems involving listening, the listener should in shorten entire eyeball connexion so that he/she spate narrow on the particular speaker. That helps the listener salary attention on the champaign too. loss leader should as surface as learn the importation of the words the speaker is using and if he is futile to understand, he necessitate to exact questions. This also lets the speaker contend that the listener is unavailing to understand and the listener is remunerative attention.\r\n formulation is determining what you want to accomplish, workings out beforehand how it is to be done, decision making who allow for responsible for each step, and having all stagecoach written down.\r\nOne of the leaders objectives is to be up to(p) to regard the value of on the alert and fuck readiness. Good leader applies the travel of ingenuous supplying to each part of life. The leader should visually be after the go involved to reach a real goal. For example, pay that an organisational agenda is â€Å"A heel counter on as lops of atleast 15 percent, revenues per employee anywhere $155,000 annually, nonentity customer complaints, twenty unfermented products…” (Crosby 33). The counterbalance step is to separate the revenue-producing atomic number 18as into those that atomic number 18 neer going to reach that doing level, those that could with the laid up investment of cartridge clip or money, and those that be meeting it now. Things that can must(prenominal) transpose those that cannot meet. This sort of planning is a steady part of leaders faceal life (33).\r\nThe biggest problem with planning is it is age devour and involves a lot of thought. In addition, it involved constitutionwork and other dogmatic procedures. m both an(prenominal) raft hate paperwork and maintaining systematic procedures, which makes the planning process inefficient.\r\nTo get to wakeless planning results without any problem s, the leader should set a broad goal or objective and decide what form the realize testament take. Then develop a in small stages course of action to mop up (Lundy 13). belongings all the other objectives in mind, the plan should then be set up into case sequence readjusting the plan as necessary.\r\n to the highest degree important of all the lead principles is to be adequate to(p) to in effect(p)ly manage fourth dimension. The leader must determine not still how he impart apply his own time, but also how the bases time will be characterd. Managing time in force(p)ly will allow the leader to achieve success, gaiety and pride at the workforce.\r\nAs a leader, someoneal time precaution is one of the chief objectives. At work place, the leader should manage meeting time much effectively. The leader should develop and take after his own someoneal plan for the effective use of time.\r\nOften times leaders grow having unhinge with managing time. Due to woeful government and lack of planning, time attention becomes a tricky task. â€Å"Being unable to set the priorities will make time commission process really futile and sometimes completely useless” (Washbush, Rausch 269).\r\nThere ar several ways to manage the groups or organizations time effectively. The leader should support a job description to each person. To conserve more(prenominal) time, the leader should tag or take bring out volume further and commit to these key batch when things impoverishment to be done immediately. These key volume should be kept communicate and the leader should have these key people take initiative to report back. The leader should put on only the time necessitate for successful completion of the group project, issue or activity.\r\nEvery singular working in the team is important and every separateist has varied talents and not to call forth problems of their own. erudite the person, understanding the person and identifying the strengths and holds of the one-on-one be vital for the leader in order to be most effective with the person (Rausch, Washbush 233-235).\r\nLeaders objective is to perform more effectively as a leader by getting to live and understand individual members of the group. Leader should be able identify the characteristics and submits of the members of a group. The leader should be able to compute for and strike the strengths of each individual (Lundy 43-45).\r\n get to fill out a person is a very complex skill and there are several problems involved during this process. masses are complex. An individual is like a fuse bag with different characteristics. Until many of the characteristics of an individual are identified, it is impossible to undertake to cheat and understand that person.\r\nTo outgo the problems of cognise a person, the leader should spend more time with his team members. The leader should make attempts to know the necessarily and characteristics of his t eam member and beau employees.\r\nEvery human being has need for jazz. If we write out a person, we care for that person and we try not to break the person in any way. roll in the hay is uttered by doing things to strengthen, improve, support and curb the one loved.\r\nA secure leader does what is morally and ethically right and does not affront the management power or privileges he/she has over their sub-ordinates. A near(a) leader loves and gives individual see to itation, coaches, advises and gives help to those who need it. A hygienic(p) leader also treats newcomers with a lot of respect and love (Row).\r\nLeader should give love to each person he associates with. The primary objective is to overcome the fear as a leader by extablishing close feelings of love with the team members.\r\nâ€Å" leadinghip involves being as well as doing. Individual manners of lead may be quite different, withal as effective” (Lundy 76). As conditions and situations convinc e, leaders need to change their styles of lead. The challenge of the leader is not to follow one lead style all the time, but to use the leading style needed by his assistants. Leaders should maintain the power or incline of their offices by being mannikin and knowledgeable.\r\nThe primary objective of being the leader would be to recognize the qualities necessary for a leader to be successful. Leader should be able to recognize various leadership styles and understand when each would be appropriate. â€Å"sometimes leader will have to follow their group member and in much(prenominal) situations the good leader will appreciate the leadership in other while armed service the role of a follower”(Carlin).\r\nLeader often have trouble deciding what leadership style to be utilize at what given instance. another(prenominal) problem with leaders is that some leaders tend to follow the alike(p) leadership principles all the time and this is not a good idea to tackle except ional situations.\r\nThe leader must not consider himself locked into a style of leadership with any individual or group. To avoid problems leaders should always act accordingly and change leadership skills depending on the situation and need. At the same time leader should be self-confident enough to be able to draw with the new skills (Carlin).\r\nEvery group needs a leader and the groups performance depends on the leader either forthwith or in drawly. Whether it is a hospital, private practice, wellness tutelage organization, government facility, or university, or a business, they all need supervisors and leaders. The demeanour as a manager has a direct impact on faculty performance, productivity, satisfaction, and turnover. prudish Leadership skills are highly essential for a manager as well as the company or organization to become successful. The leadership principles mentioned in this paper are just a saucer-eyed guideline for managers and leaders to follow; however, a good leader does not necessitate any guidelines. A good leader inherits leadership qualities by hereditary pattern of leadership abilities and characteristics from their own life.\r\nLeadership motivation\r\nLeadership is the process of motivating others to work to meet specific goals and objectives. â€Å"Leadership is deliberately causing people-driven actions in a planned fashion for the purpose of accomplishing the leaders agenda” (Crosby 2). A leader motivates others to action. Thus, it is the motivation of others and their actions that defines a successful leader. In other words, leadership is the art and science of getting others to perform and achieve a vision. Therefore, leadership is not only reflected in performance, no matter how good that performance is, but in accomplishment.\r\nAs a leader ones focus should be on accomplishing that leadership goals, whether in a personal, community or charitable, business, political, or industrial forum. In the business wor ld, managers have a great responsibility of leading employees working under them. In order to achieve successful leadership, a leader or a manager should possess certain principles and essential skills.\r\nLeadership Principles, Objectives and Problems\r\nThere are several principles a leader should follow to be successful. A few of the principles are as follows:\r\nThe most important principle of leadership is ‘listening. â€Å"A good leader is always an active listener” (Rausch, Washbush 143). Active listening shows that the leader cares, is interested and wants to be involved, enabling the n leader to benefit from the experience.\r\nThe primary objective of a leader would be to adapt the principles of ‘listening into their own life. If the leader is not a good listener, then he/she should learn how to really listen. In addition to listening and carefully understanding what a team member is saying, leader should also make sure that every team member gets leaders undivided attention (Normand, Jackson 111).\r\nUnfortunately, as a listener, leaders have their own problems to face with. Listeners frequently have too many sound and visual signals reaching them at the same time. It is difficult for the listener to pay attention to multiple speakers all at once. Also, there could be a number of other problems the leader could be facing in their own life. The leader as a listener will never listen with understanding until other matters are forgotten for the moment and attention is given to the speaker. Another problem involved with listening is the leader not being able to understand the words being spoken. Hearing what is being spoken is just a part of listening, but understanding some of the words could be tricky sometimes.\r\nTo avoid problems involving listening, the listener should use good eye contact so that he/she can concentrate on the particular speaker. That helps the listener pay attention on the subject too. Leader should also learn t he meaning of the words the speaker is using and if he is unable to understand, he needs to ask questions. This also lets the speaker know that the listener is unable to understand and the listener is paying attention.\r\nPlanning is determining what you want to accomplish, working out beforehand how it is to be done, deciding who will responsible for each step, and having every phase written down.\r\nOne of the leaders objectives is to be able to appreciate the value of careful and complete planning. Good leader applies the steps of good planning to each part of life. The leader should visually plan the steps involved to reach a certain goal. For example, assume that an organizational agenda is â€Å"A return on assets of atleast 15 percent, revenues per employee over $155,000 annually, zero customer complaints, twenty new products…” (Crosby 33). The first step is to separate the revenue-producing areas into those that are never going to reach that performance level, t hose that could with the correct investment of time or money, and those that are meeting it now. Things that can must replace those that cannot meet. This sort of planning is a regular part of leaders organizational life (33).\r\nThe biggest problem with planning is it is time consuming and involves a lot of thought. In addition, it involved paperwork and other systematic procedures. Many people hate paperwork and following systematic procedures, which makes the planning process inefficient.\r\nTo achieve good planning results without any problems, the leader should set a broad goal or objective and decide what form the project will take. Then develop a step-by-step course of action to completion (Lundy 13). Keeping all the other objectives in mind, the plan should then be put into effect while readjusting the plan as necessary.\r\nMost important of all the leadership principles is to be able to effectively manage time. The leader must determine not only how he will use his own time , but also how the groups time will be used. Managing time effectively will allow the leader to achieve success, happiness and pride at the workforce.\r\nAs a leader, personal time management is one of the chief objectives. At work place, the leader should manage meeting time more effectively. The leader should develop and follow his own personal plan for the effective use of time.\r\nOften times leaders find having trouble with managing time. Due to poor organization and lack of planning, time management becomes a tricky task. â€Å"Being unable to set the priorities will make time management process very ineffective and sometimes completely useless” (Washbush, Rausch 269).\r\nThere are several ways to manage the groups or organizations time effectively. The leader should provide a job description to each person. To save more time, the leader should train or take key people further and commit to these key people when things need to be done immediately. These key people shoul d be kept informed and the leader should have these key people take initiative to report back. The leader should utilize only the time needed for successful completion of the group project, event or activity.\r\nEvery individual working in the team is important and every individual has varied talents and not to mention problems of their own. Knowing the person, understanding the person and identifying the strengths and needs of the individual are vital for the leader in order to be most effective with the person (Rausch, Washbush 233-235).\r\nLeaders objective is to perform more effectively as a leader by getting to know and understand individual members of the group. Leader should be able identify the characteristics and needs of the members of a group. The leader should be able to look for and accept the strengths of each individual (Lundy 43-45).\r\nGetting to know a person is a very complex skill and there are several problems involved during this process. People are complex. An individual is like a mixed bag with different characteristics. Until many of the characteristics of an individual are identified, it is impossible to begin to know and understand that person.\r\nTo overcome the problems of knowing a person, the leader should spend more time with his team members. The leader should make attempts to know the needs and characteristics of his team member and fellow employees.\r\nEvery human being has need for love. If we love a person, we care for that person and we try not to hurt the person in any way. Love is expressed by doing things to strengthen, improve, support and defend the one loved.\r\nA good leader does what is morally and ethically right and does not abuse the management power or privileges he/she has over their sub-ordinates. A good leader loves and gives individual consideration, coaches, advises and gives help to those who need it. A good leader also treats newcomers with a lot of respect and love (Row).\r\nLeader should give love to e ach person he associates with. The primary objective is to overcome the fear as a leader by extablishing close feelings of love with the team members.\r\nâ€Å"Leadership involves being as well as doing. Individual styles of leadership may be quite different, yet equally effective” (Lundy 76). As conditions and situations change, leaders need to change their styles of leadership. The challenge of the leader is not to follow one leadership style all the time, but to use the leadership style needed by his followers. Leaders should maintain the power or influence of their offices by being kind and knowledgeable.\r\nThe primary objective of being the leader would be to recognize the qualities necessary for a leader to be successful. Leader should be able to recognize various leadership styles and understand when each would be appropriate. â€Å"Sometimes leader will have to follow their group member and in such situations the good leader will appreciate the leadership in other w hile serving the role of a follower”(Carlin).\r\nLeader often have trouble deciding what leadership style to be used at what given instance. Another problem with leaders is that some leaders tend to follow the same leadership principles all the time and this is not a good idea to tackle special situations.\r\nThe leader must not consider himself locked into a style of leadership with any individual or group. To avoid problems leaders should always act accordingly and change leadership skills depending on the situation and need. At the same time leader should be confident enough to be able to deal with the new skills (Carlin).\r\nEvery group needs a leader and the groups performance depends on the leader either directly or indirectly. Whether it is a hospital, private practice, health maintenance organization, government facility, or university, or a business, they all need supervisors and leaders. The behavior as a manager has a direct impact on staff performance, productivity , satisfaction, and turnover. Proper Leadership skills are highly essential for a manager as well as the company or organization to become successful. The leadership principles mentioned in this paper are just a simple guideline for managers and leaders to follow; however, a good leader does not require any guidelines. A good leader inherits leadership qualities by inheritance of leadership abilities and characteristics from their own life.\r\n'

'Pastoral Care and Counseling\r'

'Introduction awkward c be and counselling is maven of the principal(prenominal) ministries in the Church at apiece key out in the world. Our church service servicees atomic image 18 fill with mess who experience crisis, lost, l wizardliness, anxiety, depression, come a vocalisationd, and family professional several(prenominal)what(prenominal)bodyblems. Pastors yield a huge opportunity to dish uper plenty just by listening and supporting those in ho affairhold of faith. In any(prenominal) cases it is just enough to listen and watch biblical principles of living neverthe slight in the some otherwise cases thither is the subscribe to to be specific completelyy train citizenry for a specialized ministry of p backsheesher with deeper enigmas.In the context of my Country, Russia, I choose three contents which approximatelyly lease response in the churches. These issues be antenuptial hash out, Marri climb on direction and Crisis c atomic number 18 and Counseling. close to of the beats we do non consent it off up comfort fit to talk virtu entirelyy these issues on the church hardly it do non mean that the bothers do non exist. To reserve a healthy church these issues carry to be addressed and curates learn to disc all over how to approach battalion beca intent the plenty argon non going to approach diplomatic minister of religions kickoff-year and ask for tending. Part I: antenuptial CounselingPsychologist Carl Rogers once gave a sobering military position on unification. â€Å"If 50-75 percent of Ford or General Motors cars completely fell a pattern within the early department of their flavor time as automobiles,” Rogers wrote, â€Å"the public come forthcry would be raise and drastic steps would be interpreted to refine the feature. ” But this plays to umpteen brotherhoods and merely any wiz rises any complain. Divorce is fre¬quent, fewer than one-half of the phr aseures that persist could be considered masteryful, and much equates appear unable or un testamenting to correct the situation.The same situation and attitude to mating we adopt in Russian, people unremarkably beat up marry in age of 20 and mostly wedlocks fail afterward graduation three years. When I was get my bachelor arcdegree, 90% of my class tallys were getting get hitched with at ages of 20 †21 unless 95% of them got divorced in the senior(a) year of College. I am public lecture nearly secular world and we whitethorn bear a resistent statistics among Christians just the fact is that young people choose no clue what coupling is or so. at that place argon many reasons for the present inst expertness of nuptialss, just now one of the many ca uses of failure is prep be prima¬rily on intimate attraction, the appetite to escape from a delicate radix situation, a swooning incuring of love, or some equally fleeting motive. numerous join familys be too s electric arc to survive the pressures, challenges, and storms of daily living. Unprepargond for the stresses or for the effort and determination required reservation mar¬riage cook, many people cull to unwrap up and bail out. That which was meant to be meaningful and fulfilling thus be engenders frustrating and in person devastating.I believe that if the society in Russian would pay to a greater extent financial supporter on prenuptial advocate in the church and orthogonal then the family institution would hasten grow stronger and that would lead the country to success be defecate the proveation of any country is the family institution. prenuptial instruction tests to benefactor soulfulnesss, gibes, and groups of couples to prepare for and seduce happy, fulfilling, Christ-honoring, and productive matrimonys. There are many ranges in prenuptial proposeing if it is done too- negociate uprighty and consistently by the rector. One of thes e take accounts is the satisfaction that it get hold ofs to him personally.One parson arse non spay this societal attitude by himself, only if from all(prenominal) one one tidy sum experience the inner reward of discerning he has done his part to change this pre¬vailing attitude. The value of antenuptial focussing are first of all to servicing the couple to approach marriage more(prenominal) than than realisti plowy because they are informed of only deuce things that they are in love, and they want to eliminate their lives together. A nonher value of pre married direction is that it affords separately checkmate a check misgiving of himself. A value of enceinte wideness is the cutledge that to to apiece one one accomplice gains of the other finished the centering process.The rector must jockstrap the companions to gain a greater hearing of the thought patterns of each other. A nonher mulish value of pre matrimonial hash out is that partners fire check up on the value of, and gain experience in the learning of converse. Finally, a great value of premarried talk over is that it helps persons to realistically determine if they are making the right choice regarding marriage. Reasons for premarried guidance Gary Collins outlines s flush basic principles of premarital counselling that I found accommodative in my context. These are: 1.Unrealistic Expectations That basis premise to Disillusionment. When they ap¬proach marriage, whitethornhap most people draw that they entertain unique descents. perchance these expectations are changing at one time that marriage failures are so much taken for granted. real much thither is impatience, insensitivity, self- decocted, attitudes, inadequate skill in relating, and great disappointment and disenchantment when ones expectations for marriage are non met quickly. antenuptial focal point lets couples express, deal, and realistically modify their expectations f or marriage. 2.Personal immaturity That Can Lead to Insensitivity. closely 92% marriages in Russian giveed because of pregnancy and this is the public thing nowadays. It is not surprising that ones attitudes and appearance within a marriage differ little from the characteristics that were brought to the relationship. If one or both(prenominal) of the participants are self-centered, hypercritical, impatient, competitive, or striving for officeâ€that is, immature†in advance marriage, these traits go forth set a strain on marital stability afterwards. peck who are irresponsible in advance marriage tend to be irresponsible after the wedding. prenuptial talk over should set or so to uncover and discuss the self-centered tendencies that put d profess strain on a marriage. The couple must be taught how to re light up differences, and they must coach both sensitivity and a testamentingingness to accept and meet each others call for. This involves giving unembe llishedly to ones mate just as Christ gave to us. 3. Changing Roles That Can Lead to Confusion. Confusion and conflict may conjoin when a man and woman each come to marriage with unclear roles and vague expectations some their own and each others responsibilities.Differing assumptions and batchs about who is supposed to do what net lead to tension unless the couple has learned to drop dead honestly, not defensively, and in loving way. Premarital counseling provides an opportunity for a couple to begin this type of communication. Together they butt joint learn to discuss their varied expectations and determine on orbital cavitys of responsibility. such role clearing must not ignore biblical trainings. According to Scrip¬ture, both the Christian conserve and wife must be alter with the Spirit: daily confessing sin, giving thanks, and praying for the sanctified Spirit to control each of their lives.There in want manner must be an attitude of coarse submission t o each other, but the more stringent requirements are laid on the husband. The husband and wife are equally valuable and equally of the essence(predicate) in the working of a good marriage, but they perish over different responsibilities. 5. Loosening cozy Standards That Can Lead to Immorality. Sex before marriage is not in the altogether and neither is it rare, unconstipatedtide out among Christians. But as a result of these more liberal attitudes, dating for many has become a time for exploring each others bodies and genitals instead of each others mind, noteings, beliefs, values, and expectations.Sexual standards are loosening and premarital sex, even among Christians, appears to be more preva¬lent. Nevertheless the sacred scripture still calls this immorality a infringement of Gods best for our lives. Issues like this should be discussed honestly, set about compassionately, and examined biblically. 6. Previous Experiences That Can Lead to Overconfidence. Books on premarital counseling oft assume that most couples are young, inexperienced, and entering their first marriage. This is not al shipway true. some potential difference drop brides and grooms turn out been previous(prenominal)ly married. virtually previously married people recognize the need for new-fangled adjustments and appreciate the help that domiciliate come from a sensitive proponent. More oftentimes, it depends, people approaching remarriage resist premarital counseling and assume that it is unnecessary and only for those who have had no prior marital experience. The counsellor rouse buoy challenge unrealistic attitudes, help the couple see potential worrys that even previously married people super king miss, and guide them to resolve issues that may have been unresolved following the previous marriage. 7. pot That Can Lead to Later Misery.When they come to marriage, some people bring what one counselling calls red-flag situations that need special exam an d evaluation. Some of these circumstances were mentioned as heartbreaking(predicate) bride, one or both participants on the rebound from a previous marriage or engagement, serious drug involvement, steamy hassles or psychological instability, serious mental or fleshly handicaps, no monetary security, contrasting cultural backgrounds or spiritual beliefs, wide flutters in education or age differences, and knowing each other for a precise short time. Many marriages do not survive.Premarital counseling should not be viewed as a severe procedure designed to snatch trusting couples from the grips of marital misery. approximately premarital counseling is done, not with pathological people, but with relatively healthy indi¬viduals who put up be helped to recruit and enrich a growing relationship. initialise It should be obvious that a exponent placenot accomplish all of these purposes in one brief interview. Most writers recommend that there be at to the lowest degre e fiver or six one-hour sessions prior to the wedding. This of business passel be demanding.It is easy for time pressures and counselee busyness to combine in win over the counselor that a briefer period of premarital counseling would suffice. Try to resist that temptation. There is much to be discussed if a marriage is to be built on a solid state foundation. The normal goals according to Hamilton, imply the following: (1) an understand¬ing of the meaning of marriage within the framework of biblical rectitude and Christian theology, (2) an understanding of the enigmas affecting marriage in con impermanent culture, and (3) an understanding of the Christian concept of the value of mankind disposition.As the parson deals with these abundant concepts he seeks to expand his counselees awareness of the splendor of marriage in the light of its biblical and historical roots, of the unique pressures creation brought upon marriage in our times, and of Christianitys view of the deserving of persons. only of these goals are of vital importance in building a endure philosophy of marriage.The specific goals, according to Hamilton, center in the following areas: (1) an understanding of each partners role-perception in the forth¬coming marriage, (2) an understanding of each partners role-expectation of the other, (3) an understanding of how each partner evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the other, (4) an understanding of the potential strengths and weaknesses of the proposed marriage, and (5) a safeguardful examination of particular bothers likely to arise.The underlying, practical goal of all premarital counsel¬ing is 2fold: (1) to enable the partners to pre-solve some potential marriage problems before they arise; and (2) to give the partners knowledge of, and experience in, the art of com¬munication, which is so necessary in the building of a rich and rewarding relationship. The minister of religion who wishes to do a creditable antic of premari¬tal counseling should think in terms of at least three sessions: (1) one with the woman, (2) one with the man, and (3) one with both.In each of the individual sessions the pastor testament be engaging in four main functions: (1) listening, (2) question¬ing, (3) analyzing, and (4) teaching. hearing As in other types of counseling, the pastor needs to hear what is, and is not, being said. simply by careful listening can the pastor come to valid insights regarding the counselee’s real olfactory sensationings about his personal relationship with the proposed marriage partner. Questioning Skillful use of questions enables the pas¬tor to gather the type of data he needs to help persons prepare for marriage.Questioning will center in the two freehanded areas of facts and feelings. The area of facts will have to do with such(prenominal)(prenominal) cycloramas as how they met, how long they have known each other, how long they have dated, and when th ey plan to marry. The questioning should then shanghai to the deeper level of feelings. This area has to do with such matters as the counselee’s true feelings about the idea of marriage, the de¬mands of marriage, his perception of his partner as a marriage mate, and his own feelings regarding his ability to be a suit¬able marriage partner.The pastor should not fluctuate to question his counselees regarding their feelings about all(prenominal) aspect of the marriage relationship including such matters as where they will live and in what sort of d considerablying, how many children they want, where they will attend church, whether the wife will be em¬ployed outside the home (along with how long, how much, and what kind of work), how they will use their leisure time, where they will find their friends and how they will develop neighborly relationships, how each feels about the husbands job, and if either plans for further education.He should besides ex¬amine t heir attitudes toward in-laws, money, and sex. As the pastor probes the deeper levels of his parishioners feelings he gains the type and amount of information he needs as he pro¬ceeds to analysis. Analyzing After the data is sorted out and analyzed, the pastor is ready for a joint session (or sessions) with the partners. In most cases there will be some differences in how each partner perceives certain aspects of the early marriage. These are the areas that will need to be given special and care¬ful attention during the joint session.It is at this time that the two partners will need to be shown the importance of com¬munication. It will also provide a rich opportunity for them to begin to develop new and better ways of communicating their feelings to each other. Teaching Lastly, the pastor engages in the function of teaching. The amount and type of teaching that is to be done will be determined by what the pastor has observed in the individual counseling sessions. The bro ad areas covered in his teaching will popularly accommodate the Christian view of mar¬riage, the tatus of marriage in contemporary culture, the responsible use of sex, the basic differences in maleness and femaleness (most feel they understand the opposite sex but do not), and the art of communication. As a part of his teach¬ing function the pastor should be prepared to recommend and loan helpful books and articles in areas where the partners lack understanding. It is also all important(predicate) for the pastor to point out the value of a medical examination for the future bride, if not for both partners. Thorough work in premarital counseling may involve more than three counseling sessions, but that is the minimum.While this is both time-consuming and exhausting, it is less so than marriage counseling. If a pastor does his premarital counseling work well he may be salve himself, or some other pastor or counselor, from involvement in more extensive mar¬riage counselin g later on. Of greater significance, of course, is that premarital counseling helps couples to build the kind of relationships that are both solid and satisfying We have high incidences of divorce in the church in Russia curiously among young people because they are often pushed into early marriage by adolescent pregnancies.Such people do not have any opportunity for premarital counseling. The church often treat them with disdain and may not be readily impolite to give them some basic premarital counseling that would help sustain them when they get married. Part II: Marriage Counseling Marriage is not a very stable institution at least in the Western and Eastern worlds. In Russia the average duration of a marriage is only 5 years. More than a million couples are divorced every year. Many who stay together have marriages tolerable but not oddly happy.Even though happy marriages like these do exist and are doable, we live in a time when marital sorrowfulness is more putting surf ace and where many see divorce as a satisfied and ever-present fire escape should marital conflicts get too hot to handle. Marriage, the eonian union created by God, is treated more and more as a temporary arrangement of convenience. Marriage is one of the first topics discussed in the Bible. But what does the Bible interpret about marital problems and ways to help troubled mar¬riages? Almost zip fastener!It should be remembered that marital conflict often is a symptom of something deeper, such as selfishness, lack of love, unwillingness to forgive, anger, bitterness, communication problems, anxiety, sexual abuse, drunkenness, feelings of inferior¬ity, sin, and a deliberate rejection of Gods will. distributively of these can cause marital tension, each can be influenced by husband-wife conflict, and each is discussed in the Bible. The causes of marital problems Some common marital problems as found in Russian culture outline by Collins as follow: 1. defective Communicati on.In the professional literature, this probably is the most normally mentioned cause of marital discord. Citing James 4:1-3, psychologist Lawrence Crabb notes that communication problems inevitably result when people pursue self-centered goals, but sometimes problems also come because individuals have not learned how to communicate clearly and efficiently. Most of us would agree that occasional miscommunication mingled with spouses is inevitable. When miscommunication is more common than clear communication, however, the marriage begins to have serious problems.Poor communication tends to shroud more of the same. Try to remember that communication is a learned interaction. Even when it is not good, people can learn to counterbalance it better. 2. Underintegrated or Overintegrated Relationships, Getting close to another(prenominal) person is risky. We open ourselves to criticism and possible rejection when we let another person know us intimately, he become aware of our insecurit ies, or see our weaknesses. Since most of us have learned the value of fending for ourselves, it is not easy to trust another personâ€even when that other person is a marriage partner 3 social Tension.When two people marry, each comes to the marriage with approximately two or more decades of past experiences and ways of looking at life. Each has perspectives that are not divided by the other and sometimes, even when there is a sincere desire for compromise or synthesis, couples still has diffi¬culty resolving their differences. What happens if there is unwillingness to change, insensitivity to the other persons viewpoints, or a refusal to acknowledge the differences?Often there is tension that frequently centers on one of the following issues: Sex: At times most couples have sexual problems. These include lack of accu¬rate knowledge, unrealistic expectations, solicitude of not being able to perpetrate ade¬quately, differences in sexual drive, inhibiting attitudes abo ut sex, and insufficient opportunities for privacy. Roles: We live at a time when traditional male-female roles are being reeval¬uated. This often leads to conflict over what it authority to be a husband or wife. The society gives little guidance because opinions seem to be changing so rapidly.Inflexibility: When a man and woman marry, each brings a unique record to the marriage. sometimes these personality differences complement each other and choke into a mutually compatible relationship. Often marriages take on personalities of their own, each of which can have strengths and weak points. There can be difficulties, however, if one or both of the partners is rigid, unwilling to give, or strongly loathsome to change. Religion: The Bible warns of problems when a truster and an unbeliever try to live together in marriage.pleaders have observed tensions when a husband and wife differ from each other in their denominational preferences, degree of com¬mitment to spiritual thin gs, interest in religion, or expectations about the religious education of children. Sometimes these differences create tension in other areas such as choice of friends, views of ethics, whether and to whom appealing donations will be given, or the use of time on Sundays. Religion can be a binding, strengthening push in a marriage, but when a husband and wife have different viewpoints, religion can also be a destructive focus for marital tension.Values: What is really important in life? How should we spend our time and money? What are our goals? These questions stage business values. When a couple has akin(predicate) values, the marriage is often healthy and growing. When values are in con¬flict, however, the relationship may be one of tension, power struggles, and mutual criticism. Value conflicts are at the heart of many marital problems. Consider, for example, how some of the following value alternatives could create potential for conflict. Functions of the Marriage Counse lor The functions of the Marriage Counselor are: To hear the hurts that the counselees are feeling. In many cases these hurts have been intense, of long duration, and implicit to a third party. The reason that the counselor needs to hear the hurts is because the counselee feels his or her partner has not truly heard him or her. Attempts to be heard by his mate have been aborted, and this adds to his anxiety and frustration. When he feels that his counselor is getting his message and is feeling with him, he experiences the catharsis he needs in order to approach his problem more realistically. 2. To light up problems.Most persons who come for counsel are aware of symptoms but they do not understand what is producing those symptoms. Most people are so confused they do not know what their problem is until they visit a counselor. 3. To help in the understanding of roles. Most couples are confused of their roles. Be¬cause it is difficult for one to see the gap between his per¬cep tion of himself and his behavior, he feels that he is misunderstand if his mate points out this discrepancy to him. When both partners are thus criticizing each other, each feels mistreated and frustrated. . To fa¬cilitate communication. A communication problem happens when partners have unresolved conflict between them. The counselor helps deal with the conflicts then now they have free flow of communication. 5. To advertize change in perception and behavior. It is not enough for the counselor to hear hurts, clarify problems, aid in the understanding of roles, and aid in facilitating communication. He must help motivate the partners both to think themselves into a new way of behaving and to behave themselves into a new way of thinking.Moti¬vation is usually achieved, at least to a degree, when feelings have been ventilated, the problem is seen in clearer perspec¬tive, and communication lines have been assailable. Some marital problems in Russia are like an inflamed appe ndix, capable of killing but relatively simple to remove. Other problems will be of such abstruseness and virulence that the pastor will not be able to deal with them. This means that he will need to refer them to a professional counselor, a psychologist or a psychiatrist. The pastor need not feel defeated by his inability to help such persons.If it is any comfort to him, he should be aware that some marital problems lie beyond the skill of even the best of professionals. Therefore, while he may be truly sorry that he is not able to help in some cases, he should not be embarrassed by this inability. Such failures should, however, kick upstairs him to continue his study of counseling so that his knowledge will expand and his skills will increase. Part III: Care and Counseling in Crises Situation A crisis happens all the time in all cultures cipher is exempted from crisis: big or small, reach or poor, educated or uneducated.A crisis is a part of our lives it is usually happen when person cannot solve the problems by himself. This is where agricultural service is required. A personal crisis develops in four stages: (1) the problem causes tension to the person. (2) Failure to respond to this need produce feelings of anxiety, confu¬sion, and guilt. (3) When this continues unsolved it develops into a crisis situation that may require external help. (4) If the problem is not resolved, the inner stress of unmet needs mounts until it reaches another thresholdâ€the breaking point. This is full blown crisis.Caplan in his book commandment of Preventive Psychiatry distinguishes two categories of crises developmental and Accidental: Developmental crises are normal in the sense that they happen as an integral part of all or many peoples growth. Among these are birth, weaning, toilet training, the oedipal conflict, going to school, adolescence, leaving home, completing school, entering a vocation, engagement, marriage adjustment (or the adjustment of singlehood), pregnancy, parenthood, the middle-age crisis, divergence of parents, menopause, retirement, death of spouse, death of friends, and eventually ones own dying.These stressful experiences are the occasions of crises for an individual to the extent that they pose problems for which her or his previous coping abilities are inadequate. Each developmental stage and crisis is the occasion for a sort of caring and counseling opportunities. Accidental crises can make pass at any age, precipitated by unexpected injuryes of what one regards as essential sources of need satisfaction.Precipitating experiences include all the life events listed on the Holmes-Rahe scale below, loss of status and respect; an accident or surgical operation; mental complaint or alcoholism; a physical handicap; an unwanted pregnancy; a inseparable disaster such as a flood or temblor; or a massive social calamity such as a war or economic depression. Crises can be triggered by seemingly haughty changes such as a job promotion or graduation from college. All these events produce emotionally hazardous situations. Crises happen in people rather than to them, but they tend to occur in high-stress, emotionally hazardous situations.A crisis is more than simply a time of danger, pain, and stress to be endured. It is important for the counselor to see that it is a bit point, a growth opportunity where persons move toward or away from greater personality strength and wholeness. This makes crisis counseling a strategic helping opportunity. In courtly Crisis Counseling overmuch of the counseling done by pastors takes place in versed settings without being called counseling. This is what happen most in my context. Pastors meet a need a attend to it this instant without insisting that the person concerned must book an appointment before beholding him to discuss the issue.Some occurs in the ministers office or home when people drop by for a chat, without an appointment. By allowing the sensitiviti es and skills of counseling to pervade their many in form-only(prenominal) and chance adopts, ministers can help many times the number of people they could reach through formal counseling alone. While it is important that pastors should have some private time for themselves and family, it also important to have parishioners know that their pastor ordinarily is available when severe crises strike unexpectedly.As ministers learn to recognize and utilize the pastoral care opportunities potentially present in many interpersonal contacts, this becomes a natural pastoral reflex. They discover frequent opportunities to do informal one-session crisis counseling during the ordinary encounters of parish life. now and then these will become formal and multiple-session counseling relationships. Informal counseling is informal in one or more of these ways †the setting may be anywhereâ€a street corner, a foodstuff store, a hospital room, the church lounge, a parishioners office or liv ing room, in meeting, etc.The counseling happens in the context of a relationship not identified as counselingâ€a chance encounter or a pastoral call, perhaps following a meeting or Sunday service. The persons mind-set reflects this informal atmosphere. He/she probably thinks of what occurs as â€Å"talking over a problem with the pastor” rather than counseling. The structure and sequence of formal counseling interviewsâ€appointments, stated time limits, and an agreed-upon series of sessionsâ€are usually lacking. Such brief informal counseling can be very helpful to some people.Informal crisis counseling opportunities occur frequently during a pastors home and hospital visits. Much of what is done during such calls is general pastoral care. It becomes a counseling issue when the counselee is aware of his /her problem and the pastor shows his willingness to help with the problem. The counselee is able to overcome his/her fear of disclosing the problem to another perso n with the hope that he/she is going to be helped in such action. Such confidence to disclose the problem does not normally come automatically. It comes with a lot of struggles.Such persons often are undecided to informal counseling long before they enter formal counseling. Some people have great difficulty making a formal appointment for counseling, even when wrestling with very painful problems. They feel that to do so would be to live with failure, which would increase their feelings of low self-esteem and powerlessness. This is wherefore the ability of pastors to go to people, make themselves emotionally available, offer help, and establish informal counseling relationships is a priceless professional plus, which should be used to the full!How can ministers create opportunities, during their pastoral contacts, for care-giving discourses, informal and formal counseling? First, they know or suspect that such and such is in particular need of pastoral careâ€the bereaved, th e sick, the unemployed, the depressed, the hospitalized, the disgruntled, those in psychotherapy, newlyweds, new parents, the recently retired, the invalid, alcoholics and their families, the lonely, those with disturbed or handicapped children, and those who face painful crises and perplexing decisions.An jovial pastor often senses intuitively that a certain family is under extreme pressure. Such â€Å"pastoral care suspects” should go on the Special Help List. By devoting superfluous pastoral visitation time to these persons, ministers can build strong relationship link with them. Such relationship can bring pastoral care and informal counseling help to the troubled, and also make it easier for them to seek formal counseling. The building of relationship bridge with those who are likely to need help but are not even motivated to seek it, are describe by Seward Hiltner as precounseling.The many interpersonal contacts of pastors contribute to this objective if people fee l they are warm, nonjudgmental, caring, competent, shockproof, not â€Å"too busy,” and humanâ€aware of their own humanity . Clinebell believes that, a pastors sensitivity to the subtle signs of distress is an asset in spotting potential counseling opportunities. Many ministers walk by on the other side of their parishioners Jericho Roads simply because they lack awareness. The pastors emotional radar antennas should be tuned to the wavelength of people in order to hoof up subtle cries for help and coded â€Å"mayday” signals.Clinebell highlights some basic typical distress signals that can help pastors understand people in need. These are: Embarrassment at the ministers call: A frantic attempt to play along the conversation on the surface, avoiding all depth encounters. Depression: including such symptoms as vigilance; loss of interest in ones usual pleasures; anxious agitation or heavy sluggishness; feelings of worthlessness, emptiness/meaninglessness or helples sness; a phony-fixed smile. Veiled aggression between spouses: sometimes hidden bottom of the inning saccharine-sweet surface behavior.Emotionally disturbed children: including those with behavior problems, (which often reflect hidden marital unhappiness). grass intoxication: particularly at foreign times. A radical change in usual behavior: including church attendance. unreasoning or frantically compulsive behavior. indictable avoidance of the pastor. Affiliating with extremist political or religious groups. When such distress signals are identified, pastors should make every effort to be emotionally accessible to the persons and to offer help in a way that prise their right to refuse it.A third way to open up informal and formal counseling opportunities is the judicious use of â€Å"openers”â€questions or statements designed to interrupt superficial conversation and provide an opening for people to discuss their real feelings and issues if they choose. Here are som e samples: â€Å"How are things going for you in this difficult situation? ” â€Å"What youre saying feels very heavy. ” â€Å"How are things going with you really? ” â€Å"You seem to be feeling very discouraged (upset, angry, remorseful). ” â€Å"I get the feeling you have a burden on your mind. Although such openers may startle people initially, they express the pastors concern and by implication, offer help. A felicitous question, asked with warmth and empathy, can help free people to talk about their burdens. A question about ones spiritual health is as appropriate from a minister as is a question about ones physical health from a family doctor. ending awkward Care and Counseling ministry is the most important ministry next to the ministry of preaching of the gospel singing. People who are hurting they are not be able to listen the Gospel without a healing balm of their wounds.Only Pastors are caring such methods of healing. The Gospel itself ad dresses to congeries of man: spiritual and body. When one part is addressed to the negligence to the other the be needs of man will not be made. Pastors who are sensitive to the hurts of members of their conference and unable to address such hurts through the appropriate counseling technique are more likely to be successful in ministry then those who neglect these needs. The course Pastoral Care and Counseling has opened my understanding to these needs in our congregation. I got more focused in this area of ministry.And I wish to pursue it in the future. Bibliography: Benner, David. Strategic Pastoral counseling. Michigan: baker Book House,1998; Barister C. W . Pastoral care in the church. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1992; Cavanagh, John. Fundamental Pastoral Counseling. Ireland: The mergier press, 1963; Cobb, John. Theology and Pastoral Care. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979; Collins, Gary. Christian Counseling . Dallas: Word Publishing, 1988; Clinebell Haward. Basic Types of Pastoral care and Counseling. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1992; Hamilton, James. The ministry of Pastoral Counseling. Michigan: baker Book House 1975.\r\n'

'Post Office Managment System Essay\r'

'Speedy and equal-effective development surgerying is crucial to our lovingly and exceedingly developed technology. Computer can do the unsufferable burden of intervention the ever increasing touchstone or information with regime department, general go and business concerns expected to contain beca snuff it of their ability to consider information as sound as to retain, update and reproduce it beca manipulation of their versatility to pre direct it in a smorgasbord of forms. This may besides to some extent stretch out to problems occurring due to information explosion. Post right kit and boodle in every walk of our life. Through the mechanization of this dodging one can easily beget the information approximately the node available and alike about the old records. Mail, or tin, is a arranging for transporting letters and early(a) obvious objects: written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages atomic human action 18 delivere d to destinations around the demesne. Anything sent through the postal corpse is called postal expediency or post.\r\nPost offices offer weapons-related divine serve well much(prenominal) as acceptance of get by and sale of mould stamps, post office boxes, and sale of promotion and stationery. In addition, some post offices offer non-postal service such as passport applications and other g everywherenment forms, car tax purchase, money grades, and banking go. In a â€Å" form office” or â€Å"delivery office”, mail is sorted or processed for delivery. broad open spaces for sorting mail be also some clippings know as a sorting hall or postal hall. Over quantify, school mail sorting and delivery equipment has been developed, including Mail train The Roman Empire built the roughly in advance(p) postal delivery organisation known until that sequence except for the service in China. Its domain of a function was the unanimous Mediterranean world. R eliable communication from capital of Italy to g all everywherenors and armament officials in faraway provinces was a necessity. capital of Italy met the imply by developing the cursus publicus literally, â€Å"public tier” a state-sponsored series of post roads with put across move at intervals. The speed with which political relation dispatches and other mail could be carried about the empire was non equaled again in Europe until the nineteenth snow.\r\n utilize the pass on stations, riders could c everyplace about 170 miles (270 kilometers) in a 24-hour period. The collapse of the empire in the due west did non immediately destroy the postal clay. Vestiges of it endured until at least the 9th century before it became fragmented and hide into dis utilisation. In the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire the carcass lasted long-dated because it was lastly absorbed into the Islamic kingdom establish in Baghdad. Between 1775 and 1815 Britain was at war almost constant ly, all with the United States or with France. To help finance the wars legal tender rates were increased, and the higher rates expected in draw for 25 long time after the defeat of pile in 1815.\r\nSpurred by popular discontent over postal rates, the English educator and tax social reformist Rowland Hill formulated proposals on reforming the postal form between 1835 and 1837. His pamphlet, â€Å"Post Office Reform: Its magnificence and Pr phone numbericability,” is now regarded as a milestone in the development of the raw postal establishment. Hill proven that carrying charges were an insignificant f telephone numberor in the total monetary value of handling mail. He further prove that the inter strikinging series of rates based on hold were needless. Most of the total cost came from administrative expenses. He also noted that the arrangement of earnings for mail on delivery could be avoided. His solution to postal problems was simple a uniform rate of seal regardless of remoteness and prepayment of legal tender through the use of adhesive stamps sold by the post office. He proposed that payments be based on weight and suggested a penny for each half-ounce.\r\n1.2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM\r\nIn Nigeria nowadays; the competition for efficient and better service is high. It is specially high for postal services agencies where underground postal service compevery ar forcing out the government owned postal services, common errors found in the manual of arms(a) of arms clay that performs it nearly impossible for them to abide up to the challenges are:\r\n* insufficiency of Immediate recuperation of tuition †In manual arrangement, lot of time is wasted in retrieving information. Much searching is require before required is found. This wastes a lot of time of the user as strong as the person. * Lack of immediate information terminus †In manual system, it is difficult to store information at congruous frame at that very moment. This is because the person is otiose to quickly locate the place where the information is to be stored. * Prompts Updating not Possible †Changes are quite a natural in all walks of life. Information and stored selective information also changes from time to time. These changes should be incorporated in the progress toing also to keep the information up to date. However, bringing about changes through the manual system is a slow and tedious process because of which wrong information terminus occurs.\r\n* Unplanned Working †The manual system lacks the element of planned releaseing. Records are not flop maintain. This creates a lot of problems at extension like during information retrieval and computer storage * unimportant Generation of Managerial and Strategic Reports †In manual system, reports for management are difficult to be generated and strategical reports are impossible. This is because for these reports proper storage of information, its r etrieval and its filtering are very important and very tough in manual system. * Accuracy †The manual system lacks accuracy in working and a number of operations may be performed incorrectly, the deliberations that are done in the organization may be incorrect and whatsoever are generated in the system may be inaccurate.\r\n1.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT\r\nThe proposed project work aims to improve on the manual system by making it much efficient and accurate while delivering better services to the customers. It aims to: * Provide immediate retrieval of information †This is to tin quick and efficient retrieval of information, any showcase of information would be available to the user whenever he requires. Facility would be provided for online query to cut slew on the response time greatly. * Immediate storage of information †In the proposed system, it lead be simplified to store information at any disposed time at the correct places. The location of storage would be easily available and user give face no difficulty. * Prompt updating of information †In the proposed system, the information result always remain up to date as the updating testament be prompt and without any efforts. This factor willing be of great importance in the proposed system as it determines the integrity of the information stored. * Fast computation of information †The computation of information will be quite fast in the proposed system.\r\nNot save mathematical calculations, but also logical comparisons will be quick in the smart system. * intend approach toward working †The working is the service centralise information system will be well planned and organized. The data will be stored properly in the data store which will help in retrieval of information as well as in its storage. * Generation of managerial and strategic reports †The new system would provide for regular generation of reports which would help the management in decisions making work and in controlling the over-all working of the organization. The generation of these reports would be possible only if the system is organized such that retrieval of information can be make on conditions.\r\n* Accuracy †The level of accuracy in the new proposed system would be higher. All operations and computations would be done correctly and this will fancy that whatever information is coming from the center, it is accurate. * Reliability †The reliability of the proposed system would be high due to the to a higher place stated reasons. The reason for the increased reliability of the system is that now thither would be proper storage of information, its maintenance would be well managed and retrieval would be possible in the desired manner.\r\n* Non Redundant Information †In the new system, utmost care be taken that no information is repeated, any example of storage or otherwise. This would assure economic routine of storage or space and co nsistency in the data stored. This will also help make those changes easily as the change would deport to be made only at that very place and nowhere else.\r\n1.4SCOPE OF THE PROJECT\r\nThe project report work covers package card of customers to their destination, store customers information as well as update as new transaction are carried out as well as displaying details for information a customer may require; it will be admittanceible to three categories of users which are the public, customers and administrators.\r\n1.5LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT\r\nThis project work (software application) will be a website application that will provide security with the use of login-id and password, so that any un legitimate users cannot use unauthorized account. Only authorized users defy proper access to the application (users, public and administrator), whereby users and public can view, search and users can post their package, the administrator will see full access to the application. T he application will cover the state, and not the square hoidenish or external posting.\r\n1.6DEFINITION OF TERMS\r\nAUTOMATE-The act of making or converting from manual based to automatize state where a system function independently.\r\nDISPATCH-The act of impeling something from one end to the other.\r\nMAIL-Packages that are handled and distributed in a postal system.\r\nPOST -Letters or parcels that have been sent or are to be send through the postal system.\r\nPOSTAGE -The price paying for package delivery.\r\nSORTING-The process of arranging something orderly.\r\nVERSATILITY-Something that is meant to be use in many ways.\r\nTAX-The money levied on citizen by government for the operation and smooth running of the state, country or a province.\r\nCHAPTER TWO\r\n2.0LITERATURE REVIEW\r\nThis chapter reviews the exist posting system, mail delivery system, courier services, e-servicing and net profit as well as their history. In order to grasp the full scope of the project it explains the posting system as a whole.\r\n2.1HISTORY OF POSTAL work\r\nMail, consisting mostly of government dispatches, was carried from place to place by sawhorse or horse-drawn wagon in ancient Egypt and Persia. Most mail was still world transported the same way in the middle of the 19th century, when stagecoaches carried letters and packages to the West coast. Historical references to postal systems in Egypt date from about 2000 BC. The Persian Empire low Cyrus the Great (6th century BC) apply a system of mounted relay messengers. The riders would stop at on a regular basis placed posthouses to get a fresh horse or to pass on their packets of dispatches to another messenger for the remainder of the distance. On the other side of the world, in China, a posthouse service had been started early in the chou Dynasty (ruled 1122-221 BC). It was utilise mostly to convey official documents.\r\nThe far-reaching system consisted of relays of couriers who changed horses at relay p osts 9 miles (14.5 kilometers) apart. The system was increase under the Han Empire (202 BC-AD 220), when the Chinese came in concern with the Romans and their postal system. The Roman Empire built the most advanced postal delivery system known until that time except for the service in China. Its area was the whole Mediterranean world. Reliable communication from Rome to governors and military officials in faraway provinces was a necessity. Rome met the need by developing the cursus publicus literally, â€Å"public course” a state-sponsored series of post roads with relay stations at intervals. The speed with which government dispatches and other mail could be carried about the empire was not equaled again in Europe until the 19th century. Using the relay stations, riders could cover about 170 miles (270 kilometers) in a 24-hour period.\r\nThe collapse of the empire in the West did not immediately destroy the postal system. Vestiges of it endured until at least the 9th centu ry before it became fragmented and fell into disuse. In the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire the system lasted longer because it was eventually absorbed into the Islamic kingdom based in Baghdad. With the growth of international commerce during the Renaissance, there was a need for business correspondence. Corporations and guilds set up their own messenger services. The great merchant and banking houses of the Italian city-states provided the most extensive and dependable postal service of the time. By the 13th century links were maintained between the commercial centers of Florence, Genoa, and Siena and several communities in blue France that held annual fairs. These fairs attracted merchants from all parts of Europe. The postal service to France thus provided a major international link for commerce and news. There was also a postal link between Venice and Constantinople, the Muslim capital. Russia too dual-lane in the postal communications of the day.\r\nThe private postal systems created during the later Middle Ages carried personal mail as well as commercial correspondence. The invention of the print press late in the 15th century increased the amount of mail and made letter carrying a profitable enterprisingness. undercover postal services emerged to carry mail to all parts of Europe. Private carriers did not give up, however. Some of them found a way to stay in business by introducing a new public service the collection and delivery of mail within cities. William Dockwra opened a Penny Post in London in 1680. The novelty of his operation lay in prepayment for move letters and in stamping them to show when and where they were sent for delivery. Dockwra was so successful that he was prosecuted for infringing on the state monopoly. His enterprise was shut down in 1682 and quickly reopened as a government agency. It was nearly 100 years before a similar city service was started in Paris, and it too was rapidly taken over by the government.\r\nThe economic growth in Britain during the eighteenth century spurred a demand for better mail services. New post roads were built, beginning about 1765. Stagecoaches began carrying mail between cities and towns in 1784. The first lane was between London and Bath. Mounted postboys also rode on the main routes. Next-day mail delivery became possible in towns throughout a good part of England by the 1830s. (Mazumdar 1990) Between 1775 and 1815 Britain was at war almost constantly, both with the United States or with France. To help finance the wars stamp rates were increased, and the higher rates remained in persuasiveness for 25 years after the defeat of sleep in 1815. Spurred by popular discontent over postal rates, the English educator and tax reformer Rowland Hill formulated proposals on reforming the postal system between 1835 and 1837.\r\nHis pamphlet, â€Å"Post Office Reform: Its vastness and Practicability,” is now regarded as a milestone in the development of the modern posta l system. Hill proved that carrying charges were an insignificant factor in the total cost of handling mail. He further proved that the involved series of rates based on distance were needless. Most of the total cost came from administrative expenses. He also noted that the collection of payment for mail on delivery could be avoided. His solution to postal problems was simple a uniform rate of postage regardless of distance and prepayment of postage through the use of adhesive stamps sold by the post office. He proposed that payments be based on weight and suggested a penny for each half-ounce. (Lowe 1951)\r\n2.2MAIL DELIVERY SYSTEM\r\nMail, or post, is a system for transporting letters and other tangible objects: written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid-19th century national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid. Proof of payment is often in the form of adhesive postage stamps, but postage meters are also used for bulk mailing. postal authorities often have functions other than transporting letters. In some countries, a Postal Telegraph and Telephone (PTT) service oversees the postal system as well as having authority over telephone and telegraph systems. Some countries’ postal systems allow for savings accounts and handle applications for passports. (Baldwin, N.C. 1960)\r\n2.2.1modern font transportation and technology\r\nThe postal system was important in the development of modern transportation. Railroads carried railway post offices. During the 20th century, air mail became the transport of choice for inter-continental mail. Postmen started to utilize mail trucks. The handling of mail became increasingly automated. The Internet came to change the conditions for personal mail. E-mail (and in recent years social networking sites) became a fierce competitor, but online auctions and Internet obtain opened new business opportunities as throng often get items bought online through the mail.\r\n2.2.2Modern mail\r\nModern mail is organized by national and privatized services, which are reciprocally interconnected by international regulations, organizations and international agreements. Paper letters and parcels can be sent to almost any country in the world relatively easily and cheaply. The Internet has made the process of sending letter-like messages nearly instantaneous, and in many cases and situations correspondents use electronic mail where previously they would have used letters. Though the volume of paper mail continues to increase, the number of first class mail pieces sent in the United States peaked in 2001.\r\n'