The Silencing of Women in Titus Andronicus and Jane Eyre - Literature Essay Samples

To what extent do literary texts silence the voices of women? Discuss with reference to William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus (1589-94) and Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre (1847). Through questioning the extent to which literary texts silence female voices without particularising time period or genre, the title question allows critics to provide their own specifications. Theorists such as Sharon Wilson and Jack Zipes argue that fairy tales are ‘the foundation of literary forms’, [1][2] and I believe that this makes the genre an interesting place to examine the silencing of women generally. Therefore throughout this essay, I will argue that William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus (1589-94) and Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre (1847), utilise evolved forms of traditional fairy tale conventions, and that the extent to which women’s voices are silenced/amplified within the texts comes through adherence and lack thereof to these conventions. Numerous academics have suggested that fairy tales act to silence women,[3][4][5] so logically the text which most reflects norms of the genre will most silence women. Revenge, the focal theme of Titus Andronicus, (1589-94), and the motivation for the majority of the play’s action, also acts to link it with the fairy tale genre; Maria Tatar contends that fairy tales ‘delighted in the possibilities of describing divine revenge’,[6] and Katherine Roberts asserts that ‘[fairy tale] justice is primarily retributive’.[7] The nature of revenge enacted on the characters of Lavinia and Tamora particularly, within Titus Andronicus is telling of the silencing of women, with both of their ‘punishments’ being reliant on gender roles. The assault of Lavinia by Chiron and Demetrius is a crucial point within Titus Andronicus. In both the play’s Roman setting, and Shakespeare’s Elizabethan era, societal norms dictated that women remained chaste; indeed, Lavinia is described in terms of chastity throughout, (‘this minion stood upon her chastity’, ‘nice preserved honesty’, ‘some Tereus hath deflowered thee’).[8][9][10] In taking this from her, her rapists take the majority of her identity, transforming her instead into the ‘innocent persecuted heroine’ archetype, common within the fairy tale genre from which it emerged.[11][12] By reducing Lavinia’s character to this trope, she becomes anonymised, and thus silenced. Furthermore, by physically silencing Lavinia through removing her tongue – which Lori Schroeder notes is emphasised by Marcus’ soliloquy upon finding her[13] – she is initially unable to identify her rapists, and as often occurs to wronged females in fairy tales, she ‘is obliged to bear the responsibility for sexual violation’.[14] Moreover, once Lavinia has identified her rapists, Titus murders her, indicating that once ‘ravaged’ her only purpose was helping him achieve vengeance for her lost virtue. Comparatively, the retribution inflicted upon Tamora exploits the maternal gender role. Mother hood is stripped from her through her sons’ murders, the trauma of which is intensified through her unknowing participation in cannibalising them. As much as Lavinia personifies chastity, ‘Tamora is an intense embodiment of motherhood’;[15] depriving her of this deprives her of her womanhood, socially supressing her. Similarly, Jane Eyre can also be regarded as subscribing to fairy tale conventions, with Jane’s rise from orphan to nobleman’s wife reflecting the ‘rags to riches’ narrative; ‘fairy tales trace a development from †¦ from punishment to reward†¦ the dissolution of one nuclear family to the formation of a new one’.[16] However, the influence of early Feminism on Brontà « is evident; far from behaving as the ‘innocent persecuted heroine’, Jane takes on the conventionally masculine hero role, where ‘from an initial position of social inferiority, the heroes recover their social status w hile at the same time putting brides in their proper places’.[17] Certainly, from even Rochester and Jane’s initial encounter, he is unconventionally presented as being reliant on her, having injured himself. Jane ‘saves’ him during the fire in his bedroom, and when she leaves Thornfield, Rochester is blinded, suggesting a helplessness without her. Indeed, academics such as Covert have argued that Jane acts as both a moral and physical saviour.[18] This analysis, far from reading Jane as being ‘silenced’, suggests Jane has a strong, narrative voice, positioning her as not only equal to Rochester, but superior. However, researchers such as Carl Plasa,[19] Andrew Bennett, and Nicholas Royle,[20] have noted that regardless of whether Jane is silenced, Bertha, Rochester’s apparently mentally ill first wife, is inevitably more silenced as a racially other woman. Creole Bertha is dehumanised throughout the novel; when describing Bertha to Roc hester, Jane uses the non-human pronoun ‘it’, and describes her as a ‘vampyre’.[21] This description generates connotations of the folkloric ‘succubus’ to exploit and reinforce the ‘unchaste Creole woman’ empire stereotype,[22] dismissing Bertha as being a ‘drain’ on the empire, as a succubus was said to ‘drain’ men’s health and sexuality. In Titus Andronicus also, the silencing of ethnic minority women is relevant. Similarly to Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s dehumanisation of Bertha, Shakespeare uses animalistic imagery in describing ‘enemy of Rome’ Tamora;[23] her son is murdered sacrificially,[24] as if he is an animal, she is described as a ‘tiger’,[25] ‘raven’,[26] and ‘lion’,[27] and her body is discarded in the wilderness, to be consumed by animals.[28] The effect of this is a conveyance of Eurocentrism; since she is not from ‘civilised’ Ro me, Tamora isn’t human. By dehumanising Tamora, Shakespeare renders her unsympathetic. Thus, though literary critics can empathise with the actions of Titus, blaming his murders on grief over Lavinia’s rape,[29] or suggesting that – as Titus Andronicus is a renaissance play – his ‘hamartia’ is responsible,[30] they rarely afford the same empathy for Tamora’s actions; her motivations are silenced. Dehumanising Tamora also means that though the rape of Roman Lavinia is presented as a horrific act, when the young male character of ‘boy’ encourages the rape of Tamora – ‘their mother’s bedchamber should not be safe’[31] – he is applauded by Marcus. Tamora, despite having been widowed by the Romans, abducted by the Romans, and having had her son murdered by the Romans, is dismissed as a ‘Machiavellian and monstrous monarch’.[32] Within both texts, the process of dehumanising ‘ racial others’, can be seen as an evolution of the fairy tale genre; where previously literal animals acted as villains, (bears, wolves, etc.), in Jane Eyre and Titus Andronicus, Bertha and Tamora assume the roles of the ‘non-human’ antagonists. In writing this essay, I aimed to consider how Brontà « and Shakespeare utilised conventions of the fairy tale within their work, and how this affected the extent to which women were silenced within their respective texts. Within Titus Andronicus, women are silenced through means of revenge – a common fairy tale motif – which rely on feminine norms of virginity and motherhood; Jane Eyre, uses a traditional fairy tale narrative but challenges the notion of masculine heroes rescuing feminine damsels, and amplifies women’s voices through its use of a female main character. Both writers use tactics of dehumanisation to silence women who fall outside of a contemporary Eurocentric view of the world, with B rontà « referencing a folkloric creature to do so, and Shakespeare describing his ‘racial other’ in terms of animals. Both of these literary devices leave the characters comparable to the non-human villains of traditional fairy tales. Conclusively, that Titus Andronicus is more conformative to fairy tale conventions than Jane Eyre, and that women are silenced to a much higher extent within the play, must be recognised. However, it should also be recognised that both texts silence racially other women, indicating that whilst Charlotte Brontà « may be slightly more unwilling to silence British women through fairy tale conventions, ‘the foundation of all literary forms’ does indeed still provide a foundation for Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s limited ‘amplification’ of women overall.

Gross Domestic Product (GPD) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2401 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined by John (1999) as the total market value of all the final goods and services produced within a nations borders in a given time period. Each goods and services produced and brought in the market has a price.  The price of the total output is called as GDP.  It can be measured by either cumulating all the income earned in the economy or all the spending in the economy and both measures should roughly equate to the same total.  Real GDP is the total GDP has been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation.  This allows one to compare GDP figures and changes from one country to another other time and thus evaluates what a countrys economy is actually worth in terms of particular years product prices. In nowadays, real GDP is widely used by policymakers, economists, international agencies and the media as the primary scorecard of a nations economic health and well-being.  People believe that the standard of living is close ly tied to the real GDP.  This generally signifies that the economy is wealthier and producing more, individuals are better off, and that living standards are higher.  However, people more recently argue that real GDP in certain circumstances could not fully represent peoples standard of living.  In this essay, I am going to examine the extents in detail by analyzing the real GDP from different perspectives.  However, the essay will mainly address the limitation of real GDP to show that real GDP could not represent the correct value of the economy; therefore it may not adequately measure the standard of living. Real GDP only includes the total domestic production of an economy and the output of some goods and services are unrecorded, which in the long run results understate the total real GDP.  We can view this problem from national and international perspective.  First, we look at the national level.  In a country, items which are not made to sell in market are exc luded from the real GDP as there is no money exchange in hands.  For in stance, someone plants vegetable for himself and does not take the vegetable to market, the value of the vegetable is not included in the real GDP.  However, if this person sells the vegetable in the market, the value of the vegetable adds to real GDP.  Another situation is black market.  Many self-employed people normally undertaken their job privately, therefore they are usually paid by cash.  If they dont declare their income for tax purpose, then this type of income is excluding from real GDP as well.  Consequently, real GDP may even not be able to reflect the correct value of a countrys economy as a whole from national perspective.  It is hard to say it could adequately measure the standard of living. From the international perspective, real GDP measure the output of the home economy of a country and thus excludes over-seas enterprises that may be taking place. In a world which is increasin gly globalising and in which Trans-National countries are becoming increasingly important, this can be significant in some cases. For example Japan has many over-seas enterprises; particularly car-factories which often locate in the EU to produce cars for the EU there at a lower cost inside tax barriers imposed by the EU. However, these companies act somewhat as a drain to these EU economies and a boon to the Japanese economy as they send back considerable profits made to Japan to be used in further investment rather than directing money earned into the economy where the factory is located. In effect, consumer spending in the EU countries is still sent to the firms as expenditure for their services, but it is Japanese firms that the money is being sent to: it is foreign spending boosting the Japanese companies and thus indirectly their economy. These external monies earned over-seas are excluded from Japans total real GDP figures as they are not domestic output, but this over-seas o utput is still a significant output by Japanese companies which earns monies for usage in Japan. In this situation, the external monies excluded from real GDP may lead the real GDP of Japan relatively lower than it should have been and as a result the standard of living in Japan should also have been reasonable lower than it should have been.  However, in the practice, the living standard of Japan is still high in the world.  This is because although overseas earning is excluded from Japans real GDP, the profit brought from overseas to Japan could help Japan to boost its economy.  Thus the economy gets wealthier; the standard of living gets higher.  People may argue that the standard of living in Japan is high because its real GDP has always been high.  Whilst it is true that real GDP of Japan is always high in the world, we should not ignore that with the overseas output added to Japans real GDP may result even higher real GDP but same standard of living.  It gives u s a logical conclusion that a country with its most income from overseas entities may result a pretty lower real GPD but good standard of living. Consequently, real GDP could not adequately measure the standard of living from international perspective. GDP is only focus on a nations production, but the production may be a poor indicator of peoples standard of living.  It is because production does not equal to consumptions.  Production only provides basis for people to consume, but the right to consume is held by the people in the country.  If GDP rises as a result of an increase in investment, this will not lead to a rise in current standard of living.  It will, we only can say it helps to raise the future consumption.  If production increases, this may be due to technological advance.  However, if the increase is as a result of people having to work harder or longer hours; its net benefit will be less.  This is because although the real GDP is raised as a result o f increase in production, people are living more stressed and tired which is not improving the living standard but make its worse. Furthermore, real GDP figures can be misleading, for example, a growing economy may have rising production levels but also may have a large or growing population which works against any positive effect on the standards of living.  The most specific case is China.  China has one of the fastest growing economies, with average 7% GDP growth for 11 years in the world.  Chinas real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2002 was more than eight times that of 1978, the year when Deng Xiaoping launched the countrys economic reform program. Its real GDP growth, which has averaged 10% per year during 1980 2001, had slowed to a range of 7 8 % per year during 1998 2002 (IMF Survey 2003).  Standards and Poors DRI, a private international forecasting firm, projects Chinas GDP to grow at an average annual rate of 7% over the next 15 years (Morrison 2000). Al though China has a rapid growth GDP, China remains a poor country in peoples standard of living.  The Chinese leadership faces profound challenges as it seeks to sustain rapid economic growth and deliver rising living standards to its population. It must further cut tariff levels and eliminate non tariff barriers in order to meet WTO requirement. This opens up the economy to even more foreign competitions and stimulates structural changes that will add to the unemployment which at 2003 stood at 170 million (Wolf 2003). Apart from the unemployment issue, Chinas leadership must grapple with income inequality, which is increasing on virtually every identifiable dimension. Both unemployment and income inequality could trigger social unrest.  This is because China has the largest population in the world and it is really difficult to make everybody rich at the same time with little money.  Following the economy growth in china, many people have improved their standard of living but a lot people are still living poorly.  The income inequity has made people live very differently in China and this could cost problem for the society as a whole.  For instance, the poor people could commit crime like stealing, robbery, in order to cope with their life.  Consequently, the growth of real GDP did not lead the improving of standard of living for the society as a whole. In another words, GDP sometimes could not fully represent the standard of living. Moreover, the standard of living of country is always affected by the government policies, which have little relation to its real GDP.  For instance, several countries have a high real GDP but are ranked comparatively lower down on the Human Development Index published by the UNDP. This is because although the governments have the funds, they are not utilizing them on improvement in the living standards. This is mainly noticed in the sub Saharan and Middle Eastern countries like Botswana, U.A.E, Qatar, Saudi Arabi a, Iran, and Equatorial Guinea and so on. On the other hand, many countries are following a free market policy today, which means minimum government intervention. In this kind of an economy, foreign investment increases and there is a greater flow of goods into the country.  Some economists believe that when there is more investment and money is flowing into the economy leading to development there is bound to be an increase in the income of the entire nation, thus increase in the real GDP and leading to better standards of living.  However, although there is an increase in real GDP, the rich get to cash in on the opportunities while the poor get even more impoverished. A large disparity in wealth can be observed in these nations, and although economy has increased phenomenally, living standards continue to remain disastrous.  An example can be taken by Thailand. Next, real GDP only evaluate the standard of living in the monetary term, which ignore the factors which are also important for people in the standard of living, such as environment.  In view of the fact of the industrial revolution, world wide economic growth has been mostly based on the high consumption of natural resources and energy. This model contributed to the heavy cost of high consumption, low benefits and serious pollution. Although the increase of real GDP result the growth of economy of a country, the industry developed speedily and caused serious pollution to the environment, which was demonstrated by a series of environmental pollution incidents shocking the world.  Development of resources, energy demand and the pollution that results have seriously reduced the amount and quality of natural communities of plants and animals all over the World. They have also led to a process of atmospheric warming which now causes a threat of climate change. Some people argue that Pollution has to be stopped at source. Economic growth has to be limited and the health and safety of the pl anet must become the main criteria in political and social development to maintain the quality of life which can be improved for all groups on the planet.  In this situation, the growth of real GDP does not lead the increase in the standard of living.  Quite oppositely, the more growth in real GDP, the terribly the environment get polluted and the worse the quality of the peoples life is. Another, real GDP ignores the distribution of income.  If some people gain and others lose, we cannot say that there has been an increase in standard of living.  Typical example is china.  Following the fast growth of economy, a lot people grow very rich while others are left behind.  In average, china still poor in living standard.  In addition, employment is an important factor in evaluating living standard. Suppose everybody in a country is employed, then there would not be anybody leaving behind.  A country with pretty high real GDP does not mean everybody is employed because the higher real GDP may be due to investment in road, office and etc, which is irrelevant to employment.  In another words, the percentage the labour that could distribute from national income is an indicator to determine whether people in this country is rich enough to cope with their living.  The more the labour is distributed from the national income, the more people get employed and the higher the living standard could be.  In contract, the less the labour gets distributed from national income, the less people get employed and the poor the people might be.  Consequently, the figure of real GDP does not decide the standard of living; the percentage of labour distributed to national income which is related to the total real GDP is the indicator. In conclusion, it can be clearly seen that real GDP can not always adequately measure the standard of living of a nation from various perspectives. Firstly, Real GDP only includes the total domestic production of an economy thu s understates the wealth of economy.  Therefore real GDP could not show the full position of a countrys economy, thus it is difficult to measure the standard of living.  Secondly, real GDP ignore the income distribution.  A country with higher real GDP may still present poor living standard because the situation that some people get richer but others get poorer does not show a high standard of living.  Thirdly, real GDP only evaluate the standard of living in the monetary term, which ignores the factors which are also important for people in the standard of living, such as environment.  A countrys higher real GDP is based on the cost of environment could not indicate a good standard of living.  Fourthly, the growth of real GDP does not always lead to improvement in living standards. All countries must place emphasis on balanced and sustainable development that also takes into account human needs centered development. Although the growth of real GDP is very important to e very country, we should not ignore the peoples living standard.  All in all, real GDP could not adequately measure the standard of living in circumstances. Reference IMF Survey, (2003), A tale of two giants: India China, vol. 32, no: 21 22, December 15, Available: https://www.imf.org/imfsurvey, (Accessed: 2004, June 11). John, S. (1999),  Macroeconomics, Prentice Hall Australia. Morrison, W.M. (2000), Chinas Economic Conditions, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Division, Available: https://www.ncseonline.org, (Accessed: 2004, May 20). Wolf, C. (2003), Eight threats to Chinas economic miracle, South China Morning Post, August 7, Available: https://www.rand.org.html, (Accessed: 2004, May 20). exceptionally low base, Don’t waste time! 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Keplers Laws Essay examples - 1479 Words

Keplers Laws In todays world, we have very advanced technology. There have been many new technological and medical advancements as we entered the new century. The Internet allows us to shop, talk, and find valuable information on very scarce topics, and even check stocks with a simple click of a button. Medical advancements had recently been discovered on The Human Genome Projects, the first gene was mapped and within a short period of time we will have mapped out all the genes in a human chromosome. This is absolutely amazing because we will now be able to reveal the many causes of serious deadly diseases. Throughout the years, we have gained the technology to send astronauts into space to gather new information about our†¦show more content†¦Brahe did not trust Kepler and worried that Kepler would surpass him and become more well known than him. So Brahe assigned him the job of understanding the orbit of Mars because it gave Brahe much difficulty, and would keep Kepler occupied while Brahe worked on his theory of the solar system. Brahe also kept other data from Kepler hoping that he would be the one to discover the orbits of the planets before Kepler did. In 1601, when Brahe died Kepler received all of Brahes data. Whether he obtained this data legally or not is still in debate today, however, it is fortunate that he obtained this data. (Silverberg, 160) When Kepler first began his work on the orbit of Mars he was under the assumption, as many scientists were, that the planetary orbits were circular, and that the Sun was at the center of the orbits. This type of system is called a heliocentric system. Also at this time only six planets were known. When Kepler obtained Brahes data he discovered that the orbits were not perfect circles, but instead were ellipses that were only slightly flattened. The reason nobody else realized this was because the orbits were so slightly elliptical that extensive investigation and data would be needed to show this. It also turned out that the reason the orbit of Mars was very difficult to understand was because its orbit was more eccentric than the other planets that Kepler and Brahe had data about. To understand a lot of Keplers work you must firstShow MoreRelated Keplers Laws and Planetary Movement Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial conclusions of Copernicus, scientists already began to a dopt the idea of a heliocentric solar system. Further advancements in astronomy came about through the research of Tycho Brahe and his assistant Johannes Kepler. The three planetary laws developed by Kepler with the data gathered by Brahe shaped the way in which science viewed the structure and motion of the planets of the solar system in profound ways, lasting to this day. A Brief History of Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler beganRead MoreJohannes Kepler, The Father Of Modern Astronomy1575 Words   |  7 Pagesideals of education, secularism, and observation while bridging medieval astronomy with modern science. His research and studies contributed to the unraveling of his three laws of planetary motion. Kepler pushed the need to question authority and gave future scientists the tools to begin mapping the universe. Johannes Kepler’s aptitude for astronomy was extremely evident, even in his early years. He published his first book â€Å"Mysterium Cosmographicum† at the young age of 25. He was always persistentRead MoreJohannes Kepler s A Perfect World985 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals (Kendura 1988). Kepler’s life definitely represents the hassles a normal person’s life is like. In his rational world he could logically come up with a reason for different phenomenas. He spends his life researching planetary orbit and astronomical tables. 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Last is the Law of Periods which states that the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi majorRead MoreThe Time Of Aristotle s Theory On Religion And The Understanding Of The Universe1383 Words   |  6 Pagesbut to also challenge prior classical interpretations of nature with his three laws of planetary motion. The first law is that the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus. His second law is that a line from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal intervals of time. Kepler’s third law is that a planet’s orbital period is proportional to its average distance from the sun cubed. All these laws were a result of Kepler abandoning two-thousand-year-old beliefs about the motionsRead MoreKepler s Laws Of Planetary Motion2539 Words   |  11 PagesKepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer. Best known for his laws of planetary motion, Kepler was a key figure in the scientific revolution in the 17th century. His laws illustrate the fundamental properties of the orbits of the planets and were also a precursor to the formulation of Newton’s law of gravitation. Biography: Kepler was introduced to astronomy in his early years and developed a passion for it, which would span his entire life. AtRead MoreTaking a Look at Orbital Mechanics661 Words   |  3 Pagescelestial mechanics to motion, especially pertaining to rockets and spacecraft. Many famous physicists and mathematicians have helped develop equations, formulas, and laws to understand different aspects of orbital mechanics; such as Newton with centripetal force and the gravitational constant (GM) and also Kepler and his three laws of planetary motion. Though my interest did not sprout from who was involved with orbital mechanics, but the orbital mechanics themselves. I’ve always had an interest

Cyber Crimes on the Internet - 1117 Words

In 1995 the world wide web, also called the Internet, was made, although the Internet may be found all the way back in 1958. The internet used to be the place the nerds hung out when it first started now everyone is on the internet. By the millennium the web became a world wide phenomenon. You may now order pizza from your computer talk to your girlfriend or boyfriend, and even play a game with a friend in another country. With this new technology also comes with it a whole new set of crimes, such as stalking, hacking, cyber bullying, identity theft, and crimes of a sexual nature. The internet has opened up a whole new door for crime, it has also made it easier for crimes to be committed. This is why I think that there†¦show more content†¦Jessica Logan an eighteen year old had sent a naked photo to her boyfriend. After they broke up he sent to everyone at the school. The photo went viral, reaching seven schools in the Cincinnati area. Jessica was bullied through facebook, Myspace, and text messaging. Jessica hanged herself after going to the funeral of a boy who also hung himself. Tyler Clementi Started to be openly gay after he went off to college. His roommate in his dorm had videotaped Tyler kissing another boy. Tyler began to be bullied over the internet. He learned through his friends twitter that no one liked him very much. Tyler committed suicide by jumping off the George Washington Bridge. These are some of the few most notorious cases in cyber bullying we the public know of. I imagine there are even more that dont even get talked about. One of the worse things about some of these cases is the fact that some of these are not even children bullying these kids its adults doing it. Some people who bully are not even children but adults who bully children like in the case of Megan Meier. The internet has given people courage on the fact they can hide behind a computer screen to say stuff they will never say to another person in real life. This is why there should be stricter laws for the internet when it comes to bullying. In school there is a zero tolerance bullying law. On the internet should be a zeroShow MoreRelatedCyber Crime And The Internet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, have added another dimension to crime. The intensity with which the Internet is used in our everyday lives is a huge factor in determining the increasing rates of cyber-crime. In this era of technological advances, people are unaware of the high risk of exposure of their personal information. While each of the networks that make up the Internet is owned by a public or private organization, no single organization or government owns or controls the Internet. According to a study conducted by theRead MoreCyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal Behavior by K. 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French Essays About Holidays - 815 Words

During my last vacation I went to France. My mum arranged this tour for me and my friends. We travelled there by plane. We went France last summer. So the weather was bright and hot around 23- 30 degrees. It was the best weather for camping but we stayed in Champs Elysees hotel. It was the most luxurious hotel I ever been. There was an attached toilet, TV lounge, bed room, balcony and wardrobes in my room. We visited Eiffel tower. The view of the Paris from Eiffel tower is fantastic because I saw taller buildings as ants. on the second day we went walked in world’s most famous avenue Champs-ELysees. It was a great street to those who love walking and shopping. I bought few souvenirs for my family and friends in England. We visited†¦show more content†¦Donc le temps à ©tait brillant et chaud environ 23-30 degrà ©s. Cà ©tait le meilleur temps pour le camping mais Nous sommes restà ©s dans lhà ´tel de Champions Elysees. Cà ©tait lhà ´tel le plus luxueux je jamais à ©tà ©. Il y avait des toilettes attachà ©es, t.v le bar, la pià ¨ce de lit, le balcon et les garde-robes dans ma pià ¨ce. nous avons visità © la tour Eiffel. La vue du Paris de la tour Eiffel est fantastique parce que le jai vu de plus grandes fourmis dà ¢ne de bà ¢timents aussi petits que les fourmis. Sur le deuxià ¨me jour nous sommes allà ©s a promenade dans les Champions-ELysees davenue les plus rà ©putà ©s de monde. Cà ©tait une grande rue pour ceux qui aiment promenade et faire des courses. Jai achetà © peu de souvenirs pour ma famille et amis en Angleterre. nous avons visità © la seine de rivià ¨re qui coulent à   travers Paris. Cest aussi la frontià ¨re de Paris. Jai apprà ©cià © le trajet du bateau le plus pendant la visite de seine de rivià ¨re. Bien que mes amis laient trouvà © fatigant. Jai trouvà © la ville commerciale visitante de France comme ennuyeuse parce quil est rempli des polluants. Nous avons vu des yards de soleils dans la France Nord. cà ©tait joli. Donc nous avons pris des plein de peintures. Nous sommes aussi allà ©s à   la plage. Dans la plage nous avions un BBQ et nous sommes allà ©s à   une foire damusement. Cestait amusant. Jai apprà ©cià © le toboggan deau le plus. Mais nous partir pour aller à   notre hà ´tel bientà ´t. Parce que le jour suivant nous avonsShow MoreRelatedThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri870 Words   |  4 PagesRonny and Tina. We do, however, hear about how Mr. Kapasi has only two suits, the better of the two is the one he wears in the story. â€Å"Jesus Shaves† by David Sedaris takes place during a French class’s discussion of holidays. When the teacher asks what takes place during Easter, a Moroccan student expresses that she has never heard of the Christian celebration. The rest of the story continues to follow the class’ poor attempt to describe Easter with their broken French. 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Alden’s expenditure free essay sample

Describe the weaknesses that exist in Alden’s expenditure cycle. There are three performances that take place in the expenditure cycle: ordering items, receiving the items and paying for those items. The weakness that the Alden’s have is that they do not have an inventory control method, which means they just estimate what they need at the end of the month and purchase items. Another weakness is that they do not keep record of the inventory that is brought in and the inventory that leaves the storage.Having any clerk perform the physical count is also a weakness because there are too many different people in charge which could mean different data is being entered and there is no set date of when the inventory is counted, the beginning or at the end of the month. Also, the supervisor reused a scheduled reorder to order his inventory which could be harmful because maybe one month they were not as busy and another month so they could be short on supply. We will write a custom essay sample on Alden’s expenditure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When receiving the inventory, the accounts payable clerk is not giving the bill to account for the inventory in the file.Instead the storeroom clerks should receive it and file it away in the storeroom where no one else has access to it. Suggest control procedures to overcome the weaknesses noted in part a. Instead of guessing how much inventory is needed, the supervisor needs to identify what, when and how much to purchase through a process.

Professional Skills for System Analysis International Business Machin

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Skills for System Analysis for International Business Machines Corporation. Answer: Introduction Willowbrook School is a small and private school in the Midwest United States. The IT Consultant of the school recommends implementing a new computer information system to handle both financial as well as administration works. It increases the enrollment applications of the programs. Due to increase in students application, coupling with increasing demand for the after school care leads to increase in high workload over the staffs as well as administrative staffs. For this reason, the Director, Victoria Owens discusses with the IT consultant about the possibility to set up a computer system to reduce the workload. The report is based on eight parts. It gives the justification of the system design architecture for Willowbrook School. The report reflects on physical as well as logical network topology. A list of hardware for the designed network topologies is given to become familiar with the used hardware for the new information system. A system design specification document is analyzed to identify the goal and purpose of the system design report. An application development methodology is discussed for the Willowbrook School. Testing plan is given to test the systems requirements for the school. The training plan is given to training the staffs, teachers as well as volunteers based on the needs of the users groups. Data conversion as well as system changeover method is developed for successfully implement the system for the school. Architecture for Willowbrook School Proposed System Architecture Figure 1: System Architecture for Willowbrook School (Source: Chernyi 2015, pp-62) Justification on the System Architecture The architecture of the Willowbrook School information system is proposed as client based server architecture. The client server architecture of the school consists of a network architecture in which each of the computers on the network is either client or server. Using this server, the client computer can send resources request to the server over the network connection, when the resources are delivered to the client (Chernyi 2015). The client sets up a connection to the server over the local area network such as an internet. A three-tier architecture is suggested as the best option for the school. It has three tiers such as presentation, application, and data tier. Firstly, the presentation tier engages the top level as well as shows the information related to the service (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). It converses with the other layers by sending results to the browser. Secondly, the application tier controls the application functionality by performing a processing (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). Thirdly, the data tier houses the database servers where the information is stored. Data are kept independent of the application servers. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Proposed System Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Using the client server architecture, Willowbrook School will increase their productivity throughout the use of cost-effective user interfaces, enhancing the data storage as well as consistent application services (Devine, Shifrin and Shoulberg 2015). Due to a huge number of client's request, the servers are getting overloaded, and it forms traffic congestion. Use of SQL supports open access from the client, as well as gives transparency within the network services, represent that comparable data are shared among the users. As the client based server is centralized, therefore if the server fails then the client requests are not proficient (Dennis, Wixom and Tegarden 2015). Client server has better control access to make certain that only authorized person can access the data, as well as server updates, are to be controlled professionally (Chang et al. 2015). The server is quite expensive to purchase. The software, as well as hardware used for the server, is very critical. Specific hardware, as well as software, is used, and it results in increasing the cost. Cost Benefits Issues The issues regarding the cost benefit are to reduce the load on the network as well as make changes in the response time from the service provider side (Mithas et al. 2012). Willowbrook School needs an expansion in their information system network. Physical and logical topology Physical Topology Figure 2: Physical Bus Topology (Source: Oluwatosin 2014, pp-67) The physical bus topology consists of computers as well as servers that are associated to a single cable with the assist of interface connectors. The central cable is the backbone of the network (Oluwatosin 2014). Each of the workstations is communicated with other device by means of a bus. A signal from the source is broadcasted, and it travels to the workstations associated with the bus cable. A terminator is connected to prevent the bouncing of signals. Logical Topology Figure 3: Logical Bus Topology (Source: Oluwatosin 2014, pp-67) The LAN that eliminates a logical bus topology delivers the signal generated by the transmitter towards the attached devices (Oluwatosin 2014). Within this network topology, none of the end devices is required in order to regenerate signal for other attached devices in order to receive it. It is the method that the data are passed throughout the network from one of the devices to the other based on the physical interconnection of the devices. Ethernet is reflected as the logical bus topology for the particular proposed system. List of Hardware for Designing the Topologies Web Server Database Server CPU and RAM Router Access point to connect with the internet Application Server Network Hardware System Design Specification Document Project Scope The scope of the project is that the Willowbrook School includes the ability to increase the enrollment of the student without hiring of any extra staffs. The new information system tracks the enrollments, aftercare billing as well as payments. The proposed system monitors the process of tracking, reviewing the cost as well as reporting (Schwalbe 2015). The system can individually track the billing details of the individual students. System Design The resources used to implement the new information system are Web Server, Database Server, CPU and RAM, Router, Access point to connect with the internet, Application Server and Network Hardware. The new information system is proposed as client based server architecture (Vaishnavi and Kuechler 2015). A three-tier architecture is suggested as the best option for the school. Component and Process Design At first, the user is identified when they give their ID login details. Only the registered user can login into the system (Reynolds 2015). The user can connect the client server and then the registered user can authenticate throughout the token. After getting proper username and password, the server allows the users to use the system for financial and administration tasks (Haimes 2015). The user should use an internet connection to access the system. As the system stores the data of the students, therefore it is required to use server authentication to prevent the data from any unauthorized use. SQL database is used that supports open access from the client, as well as gives transparency within the network services, represent that comparable data are shared amongst the users (Dingsoyr et al. 2012). Data Design The data are at first use the direct cutover method but due to some problems, it uses the phrased operation method for aftercare billing (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). User Displays The users conducted those are involved with the implementation of the system are administrative staffs, principal, vice principal, teachers, students, and parents. Prototype Description Prototype 1 It allows the staffs to log in to the Willowbrook School using a user name, employee number as well as password. An essential employee login will view all the information of the student. Prototype 2 It allows the parents to log in to the Willowbrook School using username, student number as well as the password (Hwang, Kettinger and Mun 2015). An essential employee login will view all the information of the student. After the login, the parent clicks on the information of the student; they can able to view the address as well as a phone number of the student. System Development and Project Management Schedules After the set up of the architectural design phase for the system, some of its system specifications areas are updated such as detailed design, prototype testing phrase (Olsson, Bosch and Alahyari 2013). Therefore, it requires more time to complete the implementation task of the new information system for Willowbrook School. Project Extensions It takes extra four weeks to complete the entire implementation process of the system. Application Development Methodology The application development methodology is used to plan as well as control the process of developing the new information system. For the Willowbrook School, Agile Software Development Methodology is used to minimize the risks within the school by developing new information system (Givoni et al. 2013). This method emphasizes real time communication as well as overwritten documents. Using this methodology, the school can build small client approved as well as deliver large application at the end of the implementation process. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Application Development Methodologies Structured Approach Object Oriented Approach Agile Methodology Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages It minimizes the complexity of the new proposed system (Valacich, George and Hoffer 2015). It takes a lot of time as well as finance to analyze the new information system. It reduces the maintenance cost. This approach is best suited for the interactive as well as dynamic environment (Park and Sabir 2015). The information system applications such as payroll, accounting are not benefited from this approach. The needs of the resources for this methodology are minimum. There are some issues regarding the maintenance of the system. It gives future direction towards the system. Changes within the system take more time to analyze (Chernyi 2015). It gives a high level of the flexible system as the objects are to be accessed dynamically. The development of the object oriented approach is not done by all the vendors (Nelson 2013). It delivers the development process within the estimated timeline in a proper manner (Dillon 2014). It requires documentation generation as it has a high level of dependency among the individuals. It focuses on the logical system to perform the task. Staffs are required to give training when there are any changes in the system. The objects are provided with a roadmap when the application is scalable. As this approach is using complex data types, therefore it is difficult to implement. It gives teamwork with proper training to the staffs to train about handing the information system. This methodology is not able to handle compound dependencies. Testing Plan for Suitable Data Set Types of testing Description of testing for suitable data set System Testing System Testing is done to verify the login, verify the close registration, and maintain the information of the student as well as a professor. It also verifies the view report, register for the courses and selection of courses to teach (Paroni, Geremia and Valeri 2016). The system error results into logged off the system. Therefore, the fatal system errors result in shutdown of the system. User Interface Testing It verifies the navigation through a sample set of screens that conforms to GUI standards. The system can easy to use as well as accurate for the target market of the students as well as teachers (Devine, Shifrin and Shoulberg 2013). Performance Testing It verifies the response time in order to access the finance system and for submittal of registration for courses. Security and Access Control Testing It verifies the login from the local PC and verifies the username as well as password mechanism. Configuration Testing It checks for the configuration that if the client component of the system is configured properly with the network (Artzi et al. 2013). As the integrated system is functional, therefore the proposed system is to be tested based on its new operating system, network as well as PCs. Training Plan and Procedures Based on users Group Needs After the testing of the new information system, the staffs, teachers as well as other management members required training so that they can handle the system properly. The following are the user groups those are required to train on the new system as follows: Teachers of the Willowbrook School: The teachers are required to train as they teach the students and play a vital role in the school. The training topics those are required to consider are startup and shutdown the information system (Oluwatosin 2014). The teachers are required to use the system, as they require functioning the system. Therefore, they are also trained to fix the issue as well as troubleshooting. Staffs of Administrative Department: The principal of the Willowbrook School, Kathy and the vice principal, Susan requires to train on the entire system. They are the essential administrative staffs for the school (Chang et al. 2015). If they are trained on the system, then they can give best customer support before they call to get the service support. The training topics those are covered include preparation of documents and administrative reports; enter the details of the teachers and staffs, requesting enhancement as well as user training. Volunteers: The school requires volunteers so that they can work on the event of fundraising. Therefore, they are trained to fundraise for the system. The topic includes how to motivate the individuals to give fund for the school, how to convince the individuals, what to say and how to collect the fund (Devine, Shifrin and Shoulberg 2015). Those volunteers are trained by both the essential staffs of the school such as principal as well as vice principal. Data Conversion and System Changeover Method Data Conversion for Willowbrook School System In the existing process of data entry, the Willowbrook School uses a spreadsheet as well as word to enter the data. After the implementation of the proposed system, the data are required to export into the new information system (Sinha and Isaac 2015). At first, the data of the students such as the name of the student, their contact details, etc., and then the monthly billing of the student is done. After entering the billing, data for the parents, block as well as total attendance of the student is done. The following is the data conversion table to store the data of the students: Data Entry Order 1 2 3 4 5 Information of the Student Name of the Student Student ID Address of the house Contact Details of the student Total course fee of the student Billing System Name of the Student Student ID Number of days late Date of paying the fee Bill dates Information of the parent and address Information of the student Name of the parents Address of the house Contact Number Block Information of the student Year Student Number Total attendance of the particular student Name of the Student Student ID Block ID Total number of days present Total number of days absent System Changeover Method According to the billing process of Willowbrook School, their fixed fee billing process should complete within the month of April, and a new session will begin in the month of July. However, their aftercare billing process does not end up in the second week of the month of June. Within this period, the systems are required to install such as within a month or half of it. The school takes the decision to use the direct cutover method around their academic year. Using the direct cutover method, the old system of the school is cut as well as it is overwriting by a new information system (Dennis, Wixom and Tegarden 2015). It causes the changeover from the old system to a new system when the new system becomes operational. However, the school identifies that this method involves a high risk of loss of data. With the use of this method, the company is unable to change the old system as a backup option. Due to this reason, the IT Consultant recommends the phased operation to us. Phased operation process is working into various phrases. The implementation of the new system is done into modules. The entire system is provided to the some of the authorized users. As the previous approach faces risks, therefore the phrased operation reduces errors as well as failures to the implemented module. This phrased operation is also less expensive. The phased operation for the Willowbrook School consists of two phases such as billing and system. In the billing phase, the financial works are done. It starts at the month of April; it is installed within one, and half months before the aftercare billing process is completed. The system phase allows a timeframe of one and half month to do the functional billing, testing of the entire system, etc. Conclusion It is concluded that the IT Consultant of the Willowbrook School recommends the requirement of client server architecture for their school. The architecture should be three-tier so that it can easily handle the administrative as well as financial functions. The new information system tracks the enrollments, aftercare billing as well as payments. The proposed system monitors the process of tracking, reviewing the cost as well as reporting. As an application development methodology, Agile methodology is used as it delivers the development process within the estimated timeline in a proper manner. As the changeover process, phase operation is used in order to install the new information system for the school. Various types of testing are done such as system, user-interface, performance, security and access control as well as configuration testing to completely implement the system for the school. After the testing of the system, the staffs of the administrative department, teachers as well as volunteers are required to train so that they can handle the entire system efficiently. Data conversion is required as previously the administrative department uses a spreadsheet as well as word to enter the details of the students. References Artzi, S., Dolby, J., Pistoia, M., Tip, F. and Tripp, O., International Business Machines Corporation, 2013.Detecting and localizing security vulnerabilities in client-server application. U.S. Patent 8,516,449. Chang, J., Faraboschi, P. and Ranganathan, P., Chang and Jichuan, 2015.Vertically-Tiered Client-Server Architecture. U.S. Patent 20,150,350,381. Chernyi, S., 2015. The implementation of technology of multi-user client-server applications for systems of decision making support.Metallurgical and Mining Industry,3, pp.60-65. Dennis, A., Wixom, B.H. and Tegarden, D., 2015.Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. Devine, C.Y., Shifrin, G.A. and Shoulberg, R.W., Verizon Business Global Llc, 2013.Secure server architecture for web based data management. U.S. Patent 8,495,724. Devine, C.Y., Shifrin, G.A. and Shoulberg, R.W., Verizon Patent and Licensing Inc., 2015.Secure server architecture for web based data management. U.S. Patent 8,935,772. Dillon, D.M., Dillon Software Services, Llc, 2014.Data store interface that facilitates distribution of application functionality across a multi-tier client-server architecture. U.S. Patent 8,676,808. Dingsoyr, T., Nerur, S., Balijepally, V. and Moe, N.B., 2012. A decade of agile methodologies: Towards explaining agile software development.Journal of Systems and Software,85(6), pp.1213-1221. Givoni, E., Ravitz, N., Ravitz, Z., Nguyen, T.Q. and Nguyen, T., Smartesoft, Inc., 2013.Automated software testing and validation system. U.S. Patent 8,347,267. Haimes, Y.Y. ed., 2015.Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Hwang, Y., Kettinger, W.J. and Mun, Y.Y., 2015. Personal information management effectiveness of knowledge workers: conceptual development and empirical validation.European Journal of Information Systems,24(6), pp.588-606. Mithas, S., Tafti, A.R., Bardhan, I. and Goh, J.M., 2012. Information technology and firm profitability: mechanisms and empirical evidence.Mis Quarterly,36(1), pp.205-224. Nelson, D., 2013. Next gen web architecture for the cloud era.Saturn. Olsson, H.H., Bosch, J. and Alahyari, H., 2013. Towards RD as innovation experiment systems: A framework for moving beyond Agile software development. InProceedings of the IASTED(pp. 798-805). Oluwatosin, H.S., 2014. Client-server model.IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE),16(1), p.67. Park, Y. and Sabir, K.S., International Business Machines Corporation, 2015.Stream processing using a client-server architecture. U.S. Patent 9,043,382. Paroni, A., Geremia, P. and Valeri, S., 2016. Introducing a new Client-Server framework for large CFD models. Power, D.J., Sharda, R. and Burstein, F., 2015.Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Reynolds, G., 2015.Information technology for managers. Nelson Education. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Sinha, A. and Isaac, R.K., 2015. A Compressed Technique to Optimize the Processing of Real Time Data in Centralized and Client-Server Data Base Systems.International Journal of Computer Applications,115(9). Vaishnavi, V.K. and Kuechler, W., 2015.Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press. Valacich, J.S., George, J.F. and Hoffer, J.A., 2015.Essentials of systems analysis and design. Pearson Education. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.MIS quarterly,36(1), pp.157-178.