Nationalism in Latin American History

subject fieldism 1. In the wake of neocolonialism, Latin the Statesns remade the nativistic rhetoric of the past to push a new nationalist ethnical and scotch agenda. I. studyism 1. Latin the Statesn nations had been putd by their sexual diversity 1. Transculturation 2. Racial mixing 2. Europeans had associated Latin American difference with a negative meaning 3. Nativism challenged this attitude 4. Nativism faded after independence 3. newborn nationalism was a nonher wave of nativism with strong frugal agenda 4. Who were nationalists? 5. a great deal urban, middle class 6. Mixed-race or recent immigrants . Benefitted less from export pillory 5. Nationalism challenged the supposed superiority of European culture 8. Reinterpretation of Latin American difference as positive 9. Use of local anesthetic cultural forms to define that difference 6. Critique of foreign intervention 10. Military intervention 11. frugal power 7. Ethnic nationalism 12. Differs from U. S. civic natio nalism13. Employs signs of ethnic personal identity 1. Foods 2. bounce 3. Clothing 1. Celebrates racial mixing 1. Adaptation to Latin American environment 2. Sometimes as improvement best of all races 3. Nicolas Guillen . autopsy exponent of Afro-Cuban identity 2. Ballad of cardinal Grandfathers 3. Poems sometimes mimicked Afro-Cuban speech 1. umpteen an(prenominal) writers use native and Afro-Cuban themes 1. Alejo Carpentier (Cuba) 2. Ciro Alegria (Peru) 3. Miguel angel Asturias (Guatemala) I. Nationalists Take Power 1. Mexican variation 1. Diaz had ruled for 34 years by 1910 2. Reformers back Francisco Madero 1. Madero sought lonesome(prenominal) more power for elites in Diaz political sympathies 2. Madero was jailed and exiled 1. Madero sourceizes, proposes returning native lands 2. Emiliano Zapata 1.From indigenous community of Anenecuilo 2. Lost land to sugar plantations 3. Allied his impulsion with Madero 4. His image sombrero, mustache, horse become iconic of Revolution 5. One of many local leading moving against the government 1. Madero goes into exile in 1911 1. Diaz unseated by a general, killed 2. Years of upheaval, multiple armies fighting at once 1. Pancho Villa 1. Yankee Mexico 2. Army comprised of cowboys, miners, railroad throwers, inunct color workers 3. Very incompatible from Zapatas Confederate indigenous lawlessness 1. Constitutionalists 1.Third movement along with Villa and Zapata 2. Urban, middle class 3. Drafted a new constitution in 1917 4. More typical of Latin American nationalists 5. May be considered the winners of the revolution 1. Constitution of 1917 1. Article 27 reclaims oil rights for nation from foreign companies 2. Paved the way for villages to recover common lands (ejidos) 3. portion of large landholdings, distribution to landless peasants 4. Article 123 attention regulations 5. Limited privileges of foreigners 6. Curbed Catholic church 1. No longer could hold land 2. Limits to number of clergy . Clergy could non wear ecclesiastical clothes in the street 4. Clergy could not give instruction primary school 1. 7. Defeated Villa and Zapata 2. Fought off Catholic traditionalist Cristero rebellion 3. Created single- caller political system 1. Remained in power as Revolutionary company for seventy years 2. Employed Villa, Zapata, Madero as its heroes 1. Revolution was transformative for Mexico 1. Created new loyalties 2. booked a central space in the national imagination 3. Two U. S. interventions added nationalist luster 1. New government initiatives 1.Road initiative decreases isolation of folksy areas 2. Land redistribution 3. Public education initiative 4. Jose Vasconcelos 1. Minister of Education 2. celebrate the Cosmic Race, meaning mestizos 1. Artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo illustrate revolutionary nationalism 1. Diego Rivera 1. Muralist 2. Depicted Mexicos indigenous past 3. Painted Ministry of Public Education 1. (i) Images of open-air schools 2. (ii) origina l peasants dividing land 1. Mexicos national palace 1. (i) Scenes of Tenochtitlan 2. (ii) Depicts Spanish conquest as a hypocritical bloodbath 1. . Frida Kahlo 1. Small self-portraits 2. Painted while bedrid 1. (i) Polio survivor 2. (ii) Crippled by a traffic shot 3. (iii) Multiple surgeries 1. Depicted herself with cultural symbols of Mexico 1. (i) Traditional hairstyles 2. (ii) Folk dresses 3. (iii) Pre-Colombian jewelry 1. Nationalism was en vogue in the 1920s30s 1. Folk music (corridos) 2. Dance (jarabes) 3. Traditional dishes (molesandtamales) 4. Old-style theater (carpas) 5. Mexican films 1. Nationalist movement had bolshy overtones 1. Kahlo and Rivera conjugate Communist party 2. Soviet exile Trotsky lived in Mexico 1.Uruguay 1. Background 1. merchandise boom rivaled that of Argentina 2. Ruled through managed elections 1. Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1. Countrys great nationalist reformer 2. First term (190307) vanquished political rivals 3. blanket(a) plunk for among immigra nt working and middle class of Montevideo 1. Batllismo 1. civic and economic nationalism 2. State action against foreign economic imperialism 1. Tariffs to protect local business 2. Government monopoly on globe utilities 1. (i) Formerly British-owned railroad 2. (ii) manner of Montevideo 1. Government self-possession of tourist hotels 2.Government owned meat-packing plants 3. State-owned banks 1. 3. Hemispheres first welfare state 1. Minimum wage 2. Labor regulations 3. nonrecreational vacations 4. Accident insurance 5. Public education expanded 6. University opened to women 1. 4. Batllismo relied on prosperity to sustain reforms 2. Left rural Uruguay largely untouched 3. crisply anti-clerical 4. Tried to abolish presidency in favor of a council 5. Considered a civil caudillo 1. Argentina Hipolito Yrigoyen 1. Revolution of the ballot box (1916) 1. Radical Civic Union 2. Middle-class reform party with working class support 3.First truly mass-based political party in Latin Amer ica 4. Rewarded supporters with public jobs 5. Reforms less audacious than in Uruguay 1. Used nationalist rhetoric 2. Did not significantly affect presence of foreign capital 1. 6. Created government way of life to oversee oil action 1. Man of the people 1. Hated, and hated by, urban elite 2. Framed politics in moral terms 3. Lived in a simple house 1. Rejected European and U. S. initiatives 2. Repressed labor action 1. Tragic week of 1919 2. Patagonian sheep herders strike of 1921 1. Returned to power in 1928 1.Victor Manuel Haya de la Torre (Peru) 2. Exiled from Peru for protesting a U. S. -backed dictatorship 3. Lived in Mexico, influenced by Mexican Revolution 4. make Popular American Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) 1. International party 2. defence reaction against economic imperialism 1. Preferred the term Indo-America to Latin America 2. Indigenismo nationalist ferocity on indigenous roots 1. Jose Carlos Mariategui imagined indigenous socialism 2. Inca models combined wit h Marxist theory 3. Peruvian society ethnically split, soindigenismowas not booming 1.APRA 1. Did not succeed as international party 2. Indigenismoscared Perus Conservatives 3. Mass rallies against oligarchy, imperialism 4. Party revolted after losing a managed election 5. Rebellion crushed, party banned 1. Ciro Alegria 1. High-ranking APRA militant 2. Fled Peru 3. Wroteindigenismofiction 4. Authored Wide and Alien is the innovation 5. Best-known Latin Americanindigenismowriter 1. Nationalists were influential even when unploughed from power 1. Colombia 1. Nationalists tried to outflank conservative client networks 1. Unionized urban workers 2.Rural oligarchies were similarly strong 1. 2. Jorge Eliecer Gaitan 1. Fiery popular leader 2. Rose to fame protesting drubbing of banana workers at U. S. -owned plantation 1. Venezuela 1. Oil money kept leaders entrentched 2. Popular outreach carried out by communist or socialist activists 1. jalapeno 1. Thirteen-day Socialist land 2. N ationalists on the right prevented consolidation of a government 1. Cuba 1. Broad nationalist coalition ousted neocolonial dictator 2. Included university students and non-commissioned army officers 3. Fulgencio Batista 1.Led armament element of revolution 2. Bowed to U. S. influence 3. Nationalism as window-dressing I. ISI and activist Governments of the thirties 1. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) 1. International trade collapses during 1930s Depression 2. Latin American manufacturers fill void left by collapsed trade 3. Began during trade disruption during World state of war I 1. Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Mexico urban center develop industry 2. Latin American industry remains broadly speaking undeveloped 1. Industrialization becomes central to nationalism 1. Economic activism 1.Setting wages and prices 2. regularization production levels 3. Protective labor laws 4. Manipulated exchange rates 1. 2. State ownership of banks, utilities, key industries 1. Largest markets benefitted from ISI 1. Mexico 2. Southern Cone nations 1. Smaller markets did not see lots industrialization 1. Poor, rural populations 2. Less market for domestically-produced products 1. Light industry responded cleanse to ISI than heavy industry 1. Heavy industry required importing equipment 2. compulsory steel 3. Only Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile had steel industries 1. Brazil 1.Industry surpassed agriculture as percentage of GDP within two decades 2. Getulio Vargas 1. Compared to U. S. president FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 1. Made noteworthy use of radio 2. Vastly expanded government 1. Oligarchic commonwealth begins to collapse in 1920s 2. Young army officers tenentesstage emblematical uprisings 3. Coffee industry in crisis from overproduction 1. Coffee Valorization Program cannot equipoise drops in prices 2. Depression in 1929 causes prices to plummet again 1. Revolution of 1930 1. Vargas was regulator of Rio Grande do Sul, non- burnt umb er state 2.Candidate from coffee-producing Sao Paulo won a managed election 3. Opposition forces heap up to dispute result 4. Vargas takes presidency with support of the army 5. Revolution of 1930 brought together diverse political movements 1. Frustrated liberals 2. Tenentes nationalists who despised Liberals 1. YoungTenentesabsorb radical ideologies 1. Manytenentesjoined communist party 2. Communist party at the center of Alliance for National Liberation (ALN) 3. Others join Integralists, inspired by European fascism 1. Vargas presidency 1.Ruled more-or-less constitutionally for seven years 2. Played different political factions against each other 3. Took dictatorial power in 1937 4. announceEstado Novo(New State) 1. Highly authoritarian 2. Dissolved legislative bodies 3. Banned political parties 4. Media illegalize 5. Interventors appointed to direct state governments 6. Police operated with brutal impunity 1. 5. Nationalism helped oppose his popularity 1. Flood of new gover nment agencies 2. National Steel Company 3. National Motor Factory 4. Prohibited foreign ownership of newspapers 5.Assimilation pressure on immigrant communities 1. Promotion of Afro-Brazilian heritage 1. Gilberto Freyre 1. Anthropologist 2. AuthoredThe Masters and the Slaves 3. Argued that African heritage created Brazils national identity 1. 2. Samba became Brazils national leaping 2. Carmen Miranda 1. Known for her fruit-hats 2. Movie star first in Brazil, then in United States 3. In Brazil, movies occupied a nationalist niche national dance, national music 4. In the United States, became a caricature of Latin America 5. Born in Portugal, raised in Brazil . Dance, costumes, and songs incarnate Brazil 1. Sao Paulo Modern Art Week, 1922 1. Heitor Villa-Lobos 1. Integrated Brazilian folk melodies into upright compositions 2. Under Vargas, worked on national program for musical enrichment 3. Remains Latin Americas most famous classical composer 1. 2. Oswald de Andrade 1. Cannabal ist manifesto 1928 2. Suggested that Brazilians metaphorically cannibalize European art 1. (i) Consume and digest it 2. (ii) Combine it with indigenous and African art to create Brazilian forms 1. 3.Jorge Amado 1. Best-known Brazilian novelist 2. Novels preen in strongly Afro-Brazilian Bahia 1. Placing Vargas on the left-right spectrum 1. Organized labor unions 2. Protected workers 1. 48-hour work week 2. Safety standards 3. Retirement and pension plans 4. Maternity benefits 1. 3. Paternalistic no worker control 1. Striking prohibited 2. Grievances addressed to the state 1. Lazaro Cardenas in Mexico 1. Humble beginnings, unlike Vargas or FDR 2. Fought in the Revolution 3. Became governor of Michoacan, his lieu state 4. Ran for president unopposed as Revolutionary partys candidate 1.Campaigned across the country 2. Made a point to avenge small villages 1. Distributed nearly 45 million acres of land, as such(prenominal) as previous twenty-four years put together 2. back up labor , defended right to strike 1. Led to major international confrontation in 1938 2. Striking workers were employed by U. S. and British companies 3. Companies and strikers submitted to Mexican government for arbitration 1. Arbitrators awarded workers increased pay and social services 2. Foreign firms refused to comply 3. Mexican supreme court upheld decision 4.Companies continued to stonewall 1. 4. Cardenas expropriated the oil companies beneath Article 27 1. Mexicans voluntarily contributed to help government compensate the companies 2. Seen as a declaration of economic independence 3. Gave rise to national oil company, PEMEX 1. 5. Britain golf shot off diplomatic relations 1. FDRs Good neighbour Policy 1. Need for Latin American allies in rickety 1930s 2. 1933, Pan-American Conference 1. United States forswears intervention in Latin America 2. Cuba and Panama would no longer be protectorates 1.Rise of Good Neighbor movies 1. Carmen Miranda 2. Disneys Three Caballeros 1. World W ar II 1. All countries of Latin America joined the United States as allies in World War II 1. primaeval American and Caribbean countries among first to join 1. Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic 1. (i) Petty dictator supported by United States 2. (ii) Hes our bastard 1. 2. Chile and Argentina were aloof, with large population of immigrants from Italy, Germany 2. Brazil was superior ally 1. Bulge of Brazil was of great strategic importance 2.Vargas al pitiableed grammatical construction of U. S. bases and airstrips 3. Brazilian infantry fought in Italy 1. 4. Mexican fighter pilots flew in pacific 1. War spurred ISI 1. U. S. demand for agricultural exports increased 2. United States and Europe sedate unable to produce industrial goods 3. Demand up and competition low for Latin American industry 4. Brazil, for example, enjoyed a huge trade extravagance 1. Nationalism in 1945 1. Cultural shift had taken place 1. Riveras murals in Mexicos government buildings 2. Acclaim for Afro-Brazilian samba dancers . Carlos Gardel 1. Famed dance singer 2. Popular throughout Latin America 3. Career cut short by plane crash 1. 4. Gabriel Mistral 1. Chilean poet 2. First Latin American to win a Nobel Prize 1. Many things remained unchanged 1. Central America virtually untouched by benefits of nationalism 1. Internal markets too small to support industrialization 2. Land-owning oligarchies had not ceded control 1. 2. Guatemala 1. German coffee growers had no interest in developing the country 2. Jorge Ubico 1. (i) Classic neocolonial dictator 2. ii) Main concern was promoting civilization and cultivating coffee 3. (iii) Wanted to be close-set(prenominal) U. S. ally 1. United Fruit Company becomes single dominant economic enterprise 1. 3. El Salvador represented worst-case scenario 1. Dictator Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez 1. Brutally defended coffee production 2. (ii) 1932 becomes known as the year of the Slaughter 3. (iii) Most of the more than 10,000 victims were indigenous 1. Indigenous Salvadorans slowly gave up signs of their identity 1. 4.United States stopped nationalism in Central America and Caribbean 1. Batista in Cuba 2. Several rulers owed their power to U. S. intervention 1. (i) Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua 2. (ii) Trujillo of Dominican Republic 1. (1) Motto God and Trujillo 2. (2) Major nationalist effort was massacre of Haitian immigrants 1. 5. Rhetoric often outran reality in nationalist countries 1. racism lingered 2. Urbanization created shantytowns 3. Rural areas of most countries saw no improvements 4. Countries remained technologically hobo Europe and United StatesChapter